Media Aesthetics Notes

————————————————- September 19th ————————————————- Film Form; Film & Critical Analysis – Chapter 11 * Step 1: Develop a thesis * What is interesting, disturbing or noteworthy? * Does that aspect illustrate a concept from lecture w clarity? Is it a good example of something we talked about in class? * Did it have a unique effect on you? * Step 2: Segment the film * What features stuck out the most (given that weeks class topic)? * How are those features related to the film as a whole?Pay attention to details and how they affect the film * Step 3: Identify the outstanding instances of technique * Understand the techniques/concepts * Note specific examples of techniques * Types of lighting, angle, shots, narrative, style, etc. ————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- September 26th ————————————————- Styles of Film * Two major directions – realistic and formalistic * Directions or â€Å"types† are defines by form, not content Three Styles of Film/Media: * Realistic (focused on content, portraying as real life) * Classicism (in-between) Formalism (manipulation, taking out of reality) Realism: * Reproduce reality with minimum distortion-objective mirror * Major concern is with content, rather than form * Subject matter is supreme * Documentary film * Imagine as we’re watching it as we would see it through our own eyes * Ex: Big Brother – raw, unscripted, stagnant cameras, not playing w manipulation * Would never see something like a birds eye view of crowds of people, because we would never see that in real life. If we were watching a conversation happening it would be from one angle Formalism: Deliberately stylized and distort images (special effects, explosions, zooming in/out, narrative structure: in real life happens in temporal order as it would happen to us, in these movies jumps around in time) * Wants no one to mistake manipulated image for real thing (not pretending that this is reality, want to show the manipulation) * Concerned with form rather than content * Referred to as expressionist (self-expression, trying to create connections between stories/events that if watched over & over it has deeper meaning) * Avant-garde cinema Classical: What most fictional films/shows are classified as (we would never live like this but its fun to watch, drama, comedy, group of characters that the similarities can relate to your life but also an element that the story is manipulated that wouldn’t be reality) * Films are strong in story, star (someone we identify), and production values (summ er block busters, high financial investment in production because high financial return) * Clearly defined plot, conflict, rising climax, and resolution/closure * Avoids extremes of realism and formalism (wouldn’t see camera work that seems natural, but wouldn’t have random objects on the screen) (realistic enough but also fantasy) ————————————————- Narrative as a Formal System – Chapter 3 I. Principles of Narrative Construction: * Plot & Story * Cause-Effect * Time * Space * Patterns of development II. Flow of Story Information: Narration * Range of Story Information * Depth of Story Information * Narrator Narrative Form Most common in fictional media, but can be nonfictional too (ex: Bachelor – what’s going to happen next week suspense) * Identify because stories are all around us * What is narrative? Narrative is a chain of events link ed by cause and effect and occurring in time (how is this constructed†¦chronological? Jumping from times? ) and space (location, extras in background, cars, etc) Components of Narrative Form * Plots and Stories * Story is the subject matter or raw material of a narrative * A set of all events * Plot orders the events and actions of the story according to temporal and spatial patterns * Plots can vary – jump around or chronological, can focus on one person at a time or a group – in the end still has same story line * Cause and Effect Characters create causes and effects by making certain things happen and reacting to events * Qualities of the character influence cause-effect relationships * Physical characteristics, traits, personality * Action/Reaction * Can be a natural disaster, etc * Time * Construct story time based on order the plot presents them * We don’t need mundane elements (shower, sleep) to make sense of a story * Temporal order is the order whi ch events occur (are they happening in chronological, or flashbacks, or jumping) * Temporal duration is the length and which events span (is there a moment they pay more time to? What is the significance of that scene) * Temporal frequency is how often events within a story are revisited * Space Events occur in clearly defined locations where the action takes place * Associate other elements based on locations * Tells us information that isn’t stated * Opening, closing, patterns of development * Classic paradigm most popular in media * Set of conventions are present in classical narrative structure * Characters are goal oriented * Three-act structure model * Set up, Confrontation, Resolution ————————————————- October 3rd ————————————————- Mise-en-Scene Mis e-en-Scene: the arrangement of all the visual elements of a theatrical production within a given playing area – the stage.Derived from a French theatrical term meaning â€Å"between the scenes† * The Frame * Composition & Design * Territorial Space * Proxemic Patterns The Frame * Each movie image is enclosed in a frame * Filmmaker doesn’t fit a frame to the subject, but the subject matter to the frame * Dimensions of a frame are known as the aspect ratio Frame: Top – suggest ideas of power, controls all visual elements (usually someone scary, or authoritative) Center – reserved for area of interest, realism (expectation that through real eyes we expect something to be there) Bottom – powerlessness Left/Right Edges – suggest insignificance, unnoticed Off the Frame – fearful, importanceComposition & Design * The visual balance in the composition of the film * Want to maintain equilibrium between elements because it is easy to fol low * Depending on the type of film, a bad composition may be effective * The human eye attempts to organize elements in composition Dominant Contrast * The area of an image that immediately attracts out attention because of contrast * Stand out in some kind of isolation Subsidiary Contrast * After we take in dominant we scan for counterbalancing devices – Lines & Diagonals – Exaggerate Movement – Light & Dark, Shadow – Colour – Framing Territorial Space 1. Full Front a. Facing the camera b. Most intimate c.Viewer feels involved 2. Quarter Turn d. Favorite position for filmmakers e. Less emotional, but high intimacy still 3. Profile Position f. Character is less aware of being observed 4. Three Quarter Turn g. Even more isolated than profile shot h. Unfriendly or anti-social 5. Back Shot i. Suggests alienation from world j. Mystery, audience wants to see more * Setting can have symbolic meaning * Sunny exterior, inside, public/private * Consider Co ntextual use – setting * Consider way one setting is used to create different effects Proxemic Patters * The relationship of objects within a given space * Many factors determine space * Light, climate, noise level Patterns are similar to the way people obey certain special rules in social situations * The more distance between the camera and with subject, the more emotionally neutral we remain * â€Å"Long shot for comedy, close up for tragedy† – Chaplin * Space is seen through 4 patterns * Intimate: extreme close * Personal: medium * Social: full range * Public: long and extreme long ————————————————- October 17th ————————————————- Editing Classical Cutting * French were the first to use cutting to continuity to create â€Å"arranged scene s† * Editing for emotion and drama, rather than for purely physical reasons * Presents a series of psychologically connected shots * Film: A Trip to the Moon by Georges Melies Concepts in Classical Cutting Content Curve – where a cut should be made; point at which audience has been able to assimilate shot’s information (audience wont be bored because scene is too long ex: Jaws – one frame too long risks boredom, one too shot risk audience being able to make sence) * Parallel Editing – switching of shots of one scene with another at a different location to convey idea of simultaneous time Continuity Editing * Also called â€Å"invisible editing,† a system devised to minimize the audiences awareness of shot transitions, especially cuts, in order to improve the flow of the story to avoid interrupting the viewers immersion in it * Continuity and Space: editors follow a standard shot patter to maintain spatial continuity * Establish shot, moves to a series of individual shots, back to establishing shot * Film: American Beauty Shot/Reverse Shot: shot of one character is followed by shot of another taken from the reverse angle – as they have a convo we always see the back shoulder of the other person talking across the table so we always know how close they are * 180 Degree Rule: once camera starts filming on one side of action, it must continue filming on same side for the rest of the scene * Eyeline Matches: using characters line of vision as motivation for a cut, matching another characters * Continuity and Time * Match on Action: Different views of the same action pieced together to look continuous (someone jumping building to building – we see them take off & land) * Jump Cut: abrupt shift in time and place of an action which s not announced by a transition CLIP: Breathless – driving in car only shows clips of driving while they're talking=cuts out blank space * Continuity Error: any unintentional dis crepancy from shot to shot (seeing a boom in the corner) * Change in location, posture, hair, costume, etc. Soviet Montage and Formalist Tradition * 1920’s Soviet filmmakers developed editing style around the theory that editing should exploit the differences between shots to create meaning * Film was seen as a political tool * Soviet montage, also called collision montage – rhythmic, intellectual (The Godfather baptism scene – baptism + murder + he knows the killings are happening so this becomes a 3rd meaning) Realism Photography, TV, and cinema produce realistic images automatically * Viewed classical cutting and montage to be distorting, corrupting * After WW2 neorealism emerged which deemphasized editing * Film: Stranger than Paradise – shows boy on phone, doesn’t give us other side of conversation we only know what he says – shots hardly move to accommodate characters we see what can fit into the frame – doesn’t cut out u seless times, shows everyone doing every action – goes black in between scenes) ————————————————- November 14th – Film Genre Understanding Genre * Genres are various types of films that audiences and filmmakers recognize by their familiar narrative, stylistic, and thematic conventions * Various conventions I. Narrative Elements – Most important criteria for defining a genre – Character types – Plot events Thematic recurrence – general meanings from plot that surface again and again II. Visual, sound, objects & setting * Lighting tends to be similar in films w same genre * Sound draws attention to possibilities that neither the characters nor the audience can see * Objects/setting serve as recurring symbolic images that carry meaning from film to film III. Predictability and Variation * Genres meet audience expectations * However, a film without surprises become cliche * Sub genres begin to form – smaller clusters of films within a genre * Many films incorporate characteristics of multiple genres, creating a hybrid * No genre can be defined in a single way *

Portfolio Essay

Portfolio Reflection Essay The beginning of high school I was a seed in English class. I was not particularly good at English and had doubts on whether I should ask the teacher to move me down to the college prep class. Just like a seed, I was a plain little student sitting in an honors class. Maybe from last year’s English class, I was fully aware my writing was not anything special. That was what I thought because I compared myself to my friends, but for sure, one thing I was positive was that writing was my strength in English rather than vocabulary and reading comprehension.With a portfolio with all my past essays in front of me on my desk, I flipped through it. I noticed that my essays were not well-organized, and I had trouble with structuring my essays. However, at the same time, I saw that I had a variety of transitions, and clear topic sentences. The topic sentences were not creative because it was in a basic format, but I knew she could work on that the upcoming year .Thanks to the portfolio that my teacher handed out at the start of the school year, I was able to realize that my writing can change and believed that if I put time and effort through the year, my writing may become a flower one day and bloom beautifully. I sat down in that classroom, day after day, learning new ways to improve. Eventually, almost a year of 9th grade passed. Now that almost a year has gone by and I compare my current self to myself in the beginning of the school year, I definitely see an improvement.I started the year off well, with many A’s in my timed writing and my annotations. But as the year progressed, my grades were dropping. At first, I thought it was because I was putting less effort or my English teacher was grading hard on me. Although my grades did not show improvement, I feel my grades are unimportant. What really matters to me is that I grew and improved mentally through the year despite what my low grades. Of course, if I improved then my grad es would rise, but compared to the beginning of the school year, I feel that I am able to write more fluently.Response to literature essays seem more familiar to me, and I do not struggle with concrete details anymore. Due to the timed constant timed writings I had to take, I can brainstorm essays faster and finish essays within the given time limit. Paying attention to details was a major problem for me in the beginning of the school year, but now I know that I should read the text more than once and constantly write notes in the book with post-its so that I do not forget what happened.In addition, just like I wanted to improve on my topic sentences, I was able to learn to make a variety of topic sentences instead of the basic topic sentence formats. Discussions, homework, lectures, and tests, were not the most interesting things, but through these, I was able to change. Throughout the year, I was given many on-demand writings reflecting upon each book that I read in class. I alway s had trouble with brainstorming because I took too much time on it. I was not able to organize my paragraphs well with pressure of time.The results of this were shown through my basic formatted paragraphs because I could not think of varieties of sentences. However, as time passed, my brainstorming time got faster and I was able to have enough time to edit my essay afterwards. As I looked through my portfolio toward the end of the year, I saw all the on-demand writings I took over the course of the year. My favorite one turned out to be the Fahrenheit 451 in class essay. The essay was well written according to the comments from the teacher.It had an interesting opening sentence, organized thesis, and clear topic sentences. I am proud that I showed changes in my TS especially since I wrote the Fahrenheit 451 ICE toward the beginning of the school year. I would probably say that this essay is far the best on-demand writing I have ever written. In addition, I wrote a couple other ICEs on Oedipus Rex and Romeo and Juliet. From these two essays, I learned that I need to work on my commentaries and my introduction paragraph. I look forward to seeing new growth in myself next year. Process essays were my worst essays.It took up lots of time to brainstorm and research, especially since they are worth a lot of points and important. However, I found that the fact that we had only a limited amount of sentences for commentary was invaluable. I should have the freedom to write as much as I want in the commentary especially since that part is one the most important parts to each body paragraph. A couple essays I wrote were a persuasive essay and a career report. Typically, people would favor the essay that received a higher grade, but I prefer my persuasive essay. It had an attractive hook, but needed work on unity and depth.Persuasive essays are my worst type of essay especially because I have to do research and I am terrible at looking up concrete details for these essay s. I usually tend to blow off my commentaries because I do not have enough detail. But while flipping through my last year’s essay, I found a persuasive essay, and it brought a smile to my face. There was a huge improvement with the flow of the essay. My other essay, the career report, was definitely better than my persuasive because it had a good introduction and integrations, but the improvement touched me more than just a grade.I never knew an essay with the worst grade I ever received could make me smile. At the moment, I am a seed with a small, barely noticeable sprout. I feel that I am still not a great writer, but I learned many valuable lessons this school year. Through those lessons and small improvements I noticed, I hope my writing will grow and bloom like flowers in the spring. Next year, I wish to create stronger commentaries, introductions, and conclusion paragraphs. My weaknesses will become my strengths to improve throughout my high school years.

Global Soy Commodity Chain

Brazil is the second largest producer ot soy in the world Brazil's soy production mirrors the US and ADM's agribusiness production model. Genetically modified plants are used and pesticide protected. The soy industry has been profitable helping to strengthen Brazil's economy. However, soy production in Brazil has been the source of contention from groups like Greenpeace due to the destruction of Amazon Rainforest lands to grow soy as a commodity crop. Numerous active protests by Greenpeace to draw attention to forestation losses have led to laws in Brazil directed at this problem. PPA†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs or Permanent Preserve areas have been instituted as Sustainability Law requirements for soy farms in Brazil. Europe was Brazil's top soy buyer until protests and attention came to the fact that the Amazon was affected by this industry. Ships carrying soy to Europe from Brazil were blockaded by Greenpeace. The European market for Brazil's soy also hinges on the use of Monsanto's geneticall y modified product. European soy consumers have banded against these products outlining their case against genetically modified soy. Their purpose is to keep Brazil's soy products GMO free.Increasingly, Brazilians do produce Monsanto GMO soy products and can sell this product easily to China. European response to this is to partner with farmers in Brazil, who do not produce GM products, much like fair trade organizations. Soy and Agribusiness have come under a great deal of criticism. Much of this is environmental, political, economic, and social. ADM's founders formed the industry with seemingly good intentions. â€Å"Solving the world's hunger† and â€Å"Supermarket to the World† are motto's that demonstrate the intention of the corporation.They have enjoyed a great deal of success and profitability churning out products that do, in fact, feed the world. However utilizing genetically modified plants and pesticides reduce the gamble a farmer makes; degrading the envir onment and employing less people to care for plants. Due to agro-industrialization â€Å"soybean production is almost entirely mechanized†. People are not employed in the task of farming but rather the science of genetic modification in the US and Brazil. ADM manages almost every part of the soy commodity chain their corporation constitutes over 70% of US soybean production.They work with US soy farmers and are involved with Latin American soy production. They have more than two hundred sixty five processing plants for raw materials like soy. Soy is sold and shipped by ADM, but it is also processed into many component products. Novasoy, a trademarked product of ADM, is a non GM derivative. Clarisoy is a protein product also marketed to manufactures like General Mills etc†¦ In their cosmetic marketing of soy ADM describes: â€Å"Nature provides some of the world's best personal care ingredients.ADM taps that potential, offering vegetable-based lipids, natural antioxidant s and soy ingredients that can give your products enhanced erformance†. Scientific advancements with agricultural products like soy are American staples of industry. Genetic modification for better or worse was an early advance and became successful economically. Now the science for agricultural products is geared to sustainability issues. Industry support for education and scientific advancement led to the development of the soy crayon that is better for the environment. Soy is a more sustainable resource than petroleum.The same can be said of soy derived fuels. This lessens the use of petroleum. Ford has a history of interest in plant derived resources for industrial products in the forties Ford built what is sometimes reterred to as a â€Å"soy car†. Soy ?ber was part ot a polymer ne developed for the body of this vehicle. It was not popular at the time, due to taxpayer dollars being invested in this type of research, and WWII insured that his agricultural industrial plans were put aside, however the modern day company picked up on this cue and developed foam for car seats that are used in new models.They have also egun using soy in place of petroleum on tires and expect to have a more sustainable car tire. The social trend and movement in soy agriculture is opposition to genetic modification and agribusiness. ADM has responded with organic and non GM products, they are a business and their success is contingent upon consumer demand. For those who consume soy products packaging and advertising like that of Silk soymilk products announce that they are free of GMO. The market for this type of product is growing as the issue of agriculture and agricultural products becomes more prominent.The historical context of the development of the soy commodity chain is interesting because the plant is Chinese in its origin and had little place in the Western world until this century. Currently, it is almost entirely produced in the Americas and exported in l arge quantities to its place of origin. As a Northern American, I am familiar with agribusiness. I saw ADM's â€Å"Supermarket to the World† commercials every Sunday in my childhood. I accepted that that this was a wholesome company, after researching this I understand the criticisms and consequences although I do elieve the founders of this system had good intentions.

The Elecdyne Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Elecdyne Company - Case Study Example . In relation to these challenges, the company is aiming at coming up with new strategies in order not only to remain viable, but also to make profit (Ireland, Hoskisson & Hitt 2008). One of the strategies that the company considers to be viable is its expansion internationally through venturing in the EU countries. The countries of choice include Russia, USA, and France. In addressing this, the report will expound on the current and future environmental factors that will impact the affect Elecdyne through the aid of STEEP analytical framework. I chose STEEP analysis because of its simplicity in addition to being general and permitting one to analyse the diverse factors that impact an organization. Apart from STEEP, PEST and SWOT analysis will be used in analysing the selected countries extensively in order to determine the best option for expanding internationally. Griffin argues that competitiveness is the most crucial characteristic of a global market. This assertion is in relatio n to the globalization expansion. This claim aids a company to formulate ways of overcoming environmental challenges. The use of strategic tools as the ones will be expounded in this report will probably aid in achieving this objective. The global industry is estimated to be 5.4% (Nummela 2010) with continuous growth in the coming years. However, the influence of the recent recession has been very significant in electronic industries as well as other industries.

Professional Map-D-PartA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Map-D-PartA - Assignment Example Band 2 relates to issues led and advisers roles of human resource. Band 3 of the framework illustrates the cooperative and consultant partnership. Finally, band 4 outlines colleague, client leadership, and coaching of the staffs (Stanford, 2013). The bands explain the different levels and demonstrate contributions and competencies. Hence, the framework adds value to human resource by providing a perfect harmony between professional areas and promotes good relations. In addition, it benefits organizations through comprehensive approaches to ensuring a competent team by enabling efficient transitions between bands, behaviors, and professionalism. The map adds value to Human resource by supporting employees to acknowledge necessities for achievements. Organizational application helps personnel to plan and execute efficient services based on behaviors, knowledge, and skills. The tool helps analyze professional areas to establish a perfect balance between organizational resources in order to achieve short and long-term strategies while meeting changing customer needs (Peacock, 2009). The core areas comprise of strategies, insights, and solutions that enable Leading HR. They refer to possible areas where professional promotes reasonable ideas and solutions. The strategies broadly outline efforts to improve organizational understanding and give opportunities for development of comprehensive approaches and HR skills (Stanford, 2013, p. 132). Besides, the strategies, insights, and solutions address resource management including time, skills, and potentials of enhancing their sustainability. Currently, I am working on band one at Shell Development Oman. My responsibilities include client support and administrative assistance. Particularly, I handle data management, inventory tracking, and assistance to other employees. Shell Development Oman promotes coordination and administration of the firms interests across the

Gadgets in everyday life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gadgets in everyday life - Essay Example There is a general assumption that young people who are street-smart does not perform well in schools. There are a lot of reasons why schools and colleges often overlook the intellectual potential of the street smarts. In fact certain trait like this one is regarded as anti-intellectual. We always tend to associate life and our mind with academic concerns, and too narrowly and exclusively with subjects. The trouble with this assumption lies with the fact that no such connection has ever been verified with the subject and educational depth in the context so as to establish the weight of a discussion that is likely to generate. Real intellectuals, give a list of thoughtful questions relating to it, however lightweight a context seems to be. Media studies provide an overview of the morality and realism in context to television. According to Gladen, â€Å"This [the above thesis] individualistic way of looking at media effects isn’t entirely new, especially in an individualistic c ulture like the United States, where social scientists for years have been obsessed with trying to draw links between individual behavior and the media† (Gladen). Over the decades, there has been a greater demand for simple pleasures and business companies are more focused to delivering products through customization. For example: to make sense of a particular episode, the viewer has to keep up with the entertainment program, by making attentive and cognitive inferences. This is referred to as the Sleeper Curve Culture, which is getting more cognitive demanding shows. The Sleeper Curve is referred by the author as â€Å"single most important new force altering the mental development of young people today, and I believe it is largely a force for good: enhancing our cognitive faculties, not dumbing them down.† (Johnson). In The New York Times Magazine, Steven Johnson argued that there has been an apparent paradigm shifting in the way television shows are being aired. It h as become more complicated over the decade. Stuart Elliott a journalist with The New York Times has claimed just this year that "the characters on the Fox television series Family Guy . . . pur ­posely offen[d] just about every group of people you could name" (Peacocke). There is a general assumption that mass traditions pursues a path of a steady turn down towards lowest common denominator principles, only because â€Å"masses† want dumb-simple pleasures and big media companies try to give the masses what they want. The Sleeper Curve as explained in one of the essays in â€Å"They Say, I Say† is a form of most debased form of mass entertainment. Video games and aggressive television play series turn out to be a form of entertainment. The Sleeper Curve is a new vigor changing the mental progress of young people today. The good part of this aspect to be incorporated in our own lives, mean enhancing the thoughtfulness and cognitive behavior thinking. It is assumed that shows which promote acts of smoking and violence are bad for viewership, while those shows portraying the thunder against teen pregnancy or intolerance have a positive role in our society. Judging a show on just morality standards, the popular culture of over fifty years is a story of decline, the morality of those stories has grown darker. â€Å"Judged by that morality-play standard, the story of popular culture over the past 50 years—if not 500—is a story of decline: the morals of the stories have grown darker and more ambiguous, and the antiheroes have multiplied.† (Johnson). Televised Intelligence can be defined to be the aspect in which consideration of certain cognitive capabilities are placed on the viewers for further acceptance of a â€Å"

Buddhist Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Buddhist Economics - Assignment Example tholics, Orthodox or Protestants have a lot in common, such as they agree with the standard of the New Testament, they own up to the Apostolic Creed and also assert the different institutions of the church. However a number of teachings such as the Gospel of Thomas, philips gospel and Gospel of Truth later came to be discovered at Nag Hammadi by an avenger. On the leadership, the Orthodox Christian group held the belief that leadership only belongs to a small group of persons whose authority could not be challenged in any given way whatsoever and the right to ordain such leader was a prerogative of the apostle. But the Gnostics rejected this theory and went ahead to call it the â€Å"faith of fools.’’ Resurrection then became a controversy where all Christians believed that only Christ or God hold that spiritual authority yet when questioned on who bears that authority presently, one Valentinus responds by saying that it is only the one that comes into direct contact with God that holds this authority. These historical sources all portray God as having been a malicious envier since He envied Adam having consumed   fruit from the tree of knowledge and their eyes being opened just as the serpent promised as described is eby    Gnostic. Clement, the author asserts that God is the ruler and master and should, therefore, be obeyed. He delegates these powers to rulers such as bishops, priests and deacons who must be equally respected and anyone who disobeys them deserves punishment of death! The Gnostics, on the other hand, do not like this idea as some of these leaders could be compromised or entangled by personal gains. Irenaes goes ahead to support this statement by even saying that there is only one true God and that it, therefore, means that there is only one true and one representative of God’s authority on earth- the bishop. Another newly revealed script gives words spoken by a womanly authority, giving the idea that God created both male and female while

Samsung Group (FINAL) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Samsung Group (FINAL) - Assignment Example Data Collection Method 8 Data collection process for the project 8 G. References 10 A. Background & Rationale Profile of the Organization Samsung is one of the leading electronic organizations around the globe. The organization introduced huge range of products in global market. Therefore, it is easy and convenient to conduct a research study on Samsung. This study will highlight various aspects of Samsung Electronics’ global value chain. Samsung Group is a South Korea based multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Seoul. The organization was founded in the year 1938 by Lee Byung-Chul (Peng, 2012). Over the next few decades the organization diversified into textiles, food processing, retail, securities and insurance industries. Electronic goods, semi conductors and mobile phones are Samsung’s key sources of income for the company (Chang, 2011). In terms of revenue, Samsung was recognized as the largest information technology company in the year 2012. In addit ion, Samsung Heavy Industries was considered the second largest shipbuilder around the globe measured by 2010 revenue. Presently the organization has more than 1000 business entities around the globe. ... This report will focus on two divisions of Samsung Electronics, such as connected media development and mobile media. The study will outline the innovation opportunities for the global organizations by determining the entry points in the organizational structure of Samsung Electronics. Moreover, the study will reveal how the global organizations can engage themselves in several stages of the value chain of Samsung Electronics. B. Research Need and Importance Management Problems Samsung has faced several problems regarding excessive localization. Huge localization had resulted more decentralized structure. It was very disappointing for Samsung group. The global operation of Samsung was not profitable at one point of time. In the year 1998, the organization closed down its few of the electronics factories due to lack of adequate decision making process of regional headquarters (Chang, 2011). Moreover, the organization implemented integration strategy for its employees, but the employee s of Samsung Group rejected this integration strategy. Moreover, the organization faced several labor problems in China. Negative publicity in the blogging community created huge challenge for Samsung in the year 2012. Samsung group is one of the leading mobile phone manufacturers in the world. An ongoing copyright dispute with Apple Inc. over some smart phone technologies affected the brand image of Samsung Group. The organization faced several legal and ethical issues due to the inadequate working condition in the Chinese manufacturing plants. Marketing Research Problems Marketing research activity is time consuming and expensive. Therefore, it is important for the organization to do effective real time research. However, Samsung group has identified

Reporting Panics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Reporting Panics - Essay Example One of such factors that readily come to mind is the issue of technology, which has come to enhance both the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of journalists (Winslow, 2011). One important thing about journalism is that it is not all journalists who do the same kind of work. This is perhaps the world is highly diverse and so news that must be picked from different sectors of it must be diverse. As much as the work of every other type of journalist is very important and respectable, it may be valid to argue that science journalism or science reporting in general is particularly important. This could be because of the importance that science as a concept in today’s world carries (Slosson, 2010). Regardless of the importance of their work and the factors that have been said to make journalism, and for that matter science journalism more advanced, there continues to be some criticisms against journalists for distorting science news. In this paper, it will be argued and agreed with that this claim that journalists distort science news simply overlook the various factors that shape the reporting of science. By this, reference is being made to the fact that the writer will argue that there are several factors that hinder accurate science journalism that critiques of science reporting have not critically considered. Should some of these factors be given serious consideration, the best that can be done would be to resolve those factors so that the way will be paved for science journalists to be more accurate with their work rather than distorting science news. This is because there is sufficient evidence to the effect that journalists have gone every breadth to ensure that their w ork is highly esteemed and comes with the reputation it deserves (Slosson, 2014). Whiles the paper discusses the various factors that shape the reporting of science, the role that journalists themselves can play, as well as scientists can play in making science reporting

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contract law - Essay Example 20,000 to be paid in instalments related to the work completed. The plaintiff got into financial difficulties because the price was too low and he did not supervise the work properly. He had received over 80 per cent of the price but still had far more than 20 per cent of the work to do. The defendants were liable to a penalty clause in the main contract if the work was not completed on time. They were aware of the plaintiff’s difficulties and that the price was too low. They met him and agreed to pay him an extra ?10,300 at ?575 per flat to ensure that he continued with the work and completed on time. The plaintiff completed eight further flats and received a payment of ?1,500. He stopped work and sued for the money he alleged to be owing. The defendants denied liability and, in particular, that they were liable to pay any part of the additional ?10,300 because their agreement to pay it was not supported by any consideration. The judge held that the plaintiff was entitled to eight payments of ?575, less certain deductions. The defendants appealed. â€Å"My understanding of the meaning of the requirement that ‘consideration must move from the promisee’ is that such consideration must be provided by the promise, or arise out of his contractual relationship with the promisor. It is consideration provided by somebody else, not a party to the contract, which does not ‘move from the promisee’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦but it is, of course, not the situation in the present case. Here the benefits to the defendants arose out of their agreement of April 9, 1986 with the plaintiff, the promise.(Glidewell L.J in Williams v Roffey Bros.[1990]) The judge(Glidewell L.J) further concluded that:† I repeat, therefore, my opinion that the judge was, as a matter of law, entitled to hold that there was valid consideration to support the agreement under which the defendants promised to pay an additional ?10,300 at the rate of ?575 per flat. For these rea sons I would dismiss this appeal† In answering the question as to whether promissory estoppel could have been of raised or whether it could have added relevance to Williams v Roffey Brothers, the answer is no, because of the limitations on the doctrine of promissory estoppel. It may be of paramount importance to find the relationship between consideration and promissory estoppel. Consideration originated simply as an indication of the need for a reason for enforcing a promise or obligation, such as the fact that the promisee had given something to the promisor in expectation that the promise would be fulfilled(Atayah, 1986). The rigid set of rules requires that there must be benefit and detriment, that past consideration is no consideration; that consideration must be of economic value; and that gratuitous promises will not generally be enforced. The doctrine of promissory estoppel on the other hand, derives from Lord Denning’s decision in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees Ltd[1947] KB 130. The doctrine gives rise to situations in which a contract can in effect be varied without there being consideration. The facts are that by a lease under seal made on September 24, 1937, the plaintiffs, Central London property Trusts Ltd, granted to the defendants High Trees House Ltd, a subsidiary of the plaintiff company, a tenancy of a block of flats for the term of 99 years from September 29, 1937, at a ground rent of ?2, 500 a year.

Interior architecture in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interior architecture in context - Essay Example s a course assistant with reputed architects like Ludovico Quaroni and Carlo Aymonino, for a while after taking the Degree in Architecture from Polytechnic University in Milan, in 1959. While Rossi taught the subject at various universities, he was internationally famous professor to teach in Zurich, Spain and America................(Aldo Rossi...) However, The Herzog & Demeuron being a commercial firm started making achievements in the building feats, right from their inception, as they designed museums, schools, art centers, libraries and residences as well as stadiums. Their design achievements can be seen in their works of Goetz art gallery at Munich in Germany, Institute for Hospital Pharmaceuticals, at Basel, Switzerland, built in 1998, Technical School Library at Eberswalde in Germany, and the latest one as the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, California (2005). Apart from the Walker Art Center Expansion, designed by them at Minneapolis during the year 2005, there are other famous centers accredited to this firm.....(Herzog...) Herzog& De Meuron impressed the architectural world right from their first building, Ricola Warehouse as they brought in this design, an element of surprise of the fellow architects, although both the architects were young and below the age of forty years at that time. As the building was given a formal restrain that resulted in a canonical form, they established their own logic in this design, although the Ricola warehouse was built with reduced dimensions. While the walls enclosed the space in neutral manner, the handling of materials like the laminated wood panels and other things was done very efficiently to give the walls a traditional pattern that included rhythm and proportion. As many other architects of the later twentieth century tried to bring in originality and proposed new ideas, Herzog&De Meurone did propose new goals that were very refreshing, while solving the problems related to the cornice. While

Computer Uses Essay Example for Free

Computer Uses Essay Today’s technology has changed the view of world. Among them computers are one of the best creations of the technology. Computers are the best closer look of new era’s technology. Computers are very useful in our routine life as a source of entertainment, as a medium of education and as a one way of business. First, Computers play a role of entertainer in our life. We can play a game on the computer. We can also download and upload games from the internet or from the game DVD. We can also enjoy music and movies too. For example, If you want to see movies, you can see it online through internet or you can see movie on DVD. Same way, if you like to listen music, you can upload songs from the CD or you get songs from online from the particular music sites. There are so many sites available on the internet like youtube.com, videoshare.com for the movies and video songs. This way we can get relaxation by using computers. Second is as a source of an education. Computers are the best companion for the students. Computer has many kind of services which can be helpful for the students for instance microsoft word, power point, HTML, java, etc. We can use microsoft word for writing purpose, we can use power point to make slide shows. Moreover, there are so many study sites available for online tutoring. It is really a very easy and cheap way for the study. You can find your any type of study related question to study online. In short, computers make study easy and interesting. Last but not least use of computer is as a medium of e-commerce. Today in our busy world people avoid to waste time for their shopping. Now a day consumers like to buy and sell their stuff online. Best example of online shopping is e-bay. On this particular site you get all necessary things like books, electric and electronic items, clothes etc. Moreover from e-bay, you can sell stuff too. I particularly love this site.

Market Analysis Of The Cleaning Sector Management Essay

Market Analysis Of The Cleaning Sector Management Essay The Cleaning Industry National Training Organisation (CINTO) has suggested that the UK cleaning industry is valued in the region of  £12bn, 2.7 million households in the UK spend as much as  £11 billion annually on domestic help, the rise in two-salary household and more disposable income but limited time for domestic chores necessitates this, the cleaning industry presently employs about 820,000 people. The industry is mainly dominated by small organisations and has 72% of all UK cleaning staff employed in firms with less than ten employees. A third of these firms are operated by sole proprietors. CINTO is of the opinion that the cleaning industry is resistant to economic recession as a result of the huge demand and inevitability of service. Competition is stiffer however in commercial cleaning sector than domestic. This can therefore affect profit margin. Regardless of the intense competition, the cleaning industry is a booming industry with an impressive growth in the contract cleaning market from  £4 billion in 1996 to  £6 billion in 2004. Below is a tabulated STEP analysis of the cleaning sector. Social Population and market consist of 61 million people with 67% in the working class, 16.2% aged and 16.4% under aged. Labour is predominantly made up of migrant workers. Industrial servicing. Subject to environmental protection agency laws Economic The sector is slightly affected by the economic downturn but not significantly as it is a service sector and inevitable to all households in the UK. Demand cuts through all class and age structure in the UKespecially the working class which accounts for 67% of the UK population. This sector is a sub sector of the service sector that accounts for a large portion of the UK GDP. Theres been a shift in demand preference to price from quality and innovation because of the economic downturn. Increased competitiveness. Technological General services of cleaning, trash pickup, floor polishing, and the specialty services of cleaning carpet and ducts and washing windows. Staff cleaning buildings and houses by hand or with the help of basic equipment like floor polishers. Operations is labour-intensive Sector is labour intensive Simple machines and technology needed. POLITICAL Government legislation and regulation with respect to waste disposal. Organised and influential association body with intense pressure on government. Low government aid policies. According to MBD (Market and Business Development) report on the sector, Contract cleaning in the UK has grown by over 12 per cent in the past five years and is expected to increase by a further 13 per cent between now and 2011. The UK Cleaning Market 2004-2012:- There were over 4,300 individual contract cleaning firms active in the UK in 2008, though the industry remains particularly consolidated in value terms, with the firms in this study contributing more than 80% of the total market revenue. It has been suggested that 30% of contract cleaning firms are considered at risk in 2009 with the growing problem of customer retention. Customer loyalty is considered less prevalent, and customers of contract cleaners are continually searching for more competitive prices. This competitive trend in the market is pushing price competition in an environment where demand is reducing as smaller firms are internalising certain cleaning duties instead of outsourcing. The downturn in capital expenditure of contract cleaning firms will undoubtedly affect cleaning equipment manufacturers and suppliers in the short term, with a reduction in demand also aggravated by increasing pricing pressure as Contract Cleaning firms attempt to achieve greater cost reduction measures. The impact for tool and equipment manufacturers are less positive with regards to supplying to this sector in the short term, the need for effective marketing strategies therefore arises to target those companies who are performing well in the market. The cleaning sector provides employment for over 450,000 people in nearly 32,000 firms. Table 2: Workplaces and Employees within the Cleaning Sector in Great Britain. Source: Annual Business Inquiry, ONS, 2005 2006 85% of all cleaning companies have 10 or less employees. 1% of companies has over 200 staff and provides jobs for approximately half of all the cleaning employees. The current uncertain world economy makes analysis of current and future economic performance very difficult. Staffing and retention remains key themes for the sector as it struggles to maintain a stable workforce. This has been made worse by the pressure on sales and the stiff competition within the environment. The effect of the global economic downturn on the sector has been viewed as been less subjective as with other sectors since cleaning is an inevitable service. As expected however, employee training suffers a decline as profit margin reduces. Profit margins remains reduced in the sector, at about 5% in 2006, having been squeezed by 28% between 2002 and 2006. Labour costs consist of about 73% of all costs, this having been increased by 13.2% over the period 2002-2006. Gross Value Added (GVA) per worker (measured as the average financial contribution to turnover each employee within a sector generates) was  £9,600 in 2006 compared to a whole economy average of  £33,300. In 2006, seven companies had 25% of the market share (as a percentage of total value), as seen below. Table 1: Market share, (as a percentage of total value) in 2006 Source: Marketing Research for Industry, Feb 2000 A major challenge of this sector is the credit crunch and the effect it has on the sectors quality service delivery given the budget. Recruitment and retention are also key issues, issues regarding labour force attraction and motivation to family friendly labour policies. Future issues to be considered include the need to improve marketing to attract new clients, management of skills gap and planning is vital. The take-up of qualifications within the industry has been low and almost half of employers dont have a Level 2 or equivalent qualification. 16% of the sector is not aware of Vocational Qualifications, though their appropriateness is called into question. A third of all firms believe they take too long in delivering and five in ten believe they are too complicated. The BICSc (British Institute of Cleaning Science) is the most common qualification held. Cleaning firms suffer from increased rate of staff turnover which has been known to be closed to 75% in some cases, with most cleaning staff staying in employment for up to 12 weeks cleaners. 6% of cleaning firms advertised skills vacancies in 2007 -according to the National Employer Skills Survey 2007, this was primarily in elementary occupations and machine operatives. 80% of elementary occupations were categorised as difficult to fill positions. Almost 800 companies advertised these positions and were located within the West Midlands, South West and South East. Reasons for these difficult to fill vacancies are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inadequate personnel interested in engaging in this type of job (28%). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inadequate number of applicants generally (16%). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low number of applicants with the required attitude and motivation (13%). The implication of these vacancies is the increased workload of other staff. Cleaning firms have alleged that they have: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increasing cost of operation; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Difficulty in matching quality standards requirements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delay in developing new products. As a result of the above issues, 50% of firms have increased their advertising and recruitment campaign and most of the firms are increasingly trying new ways of recruitment. Reductions in some skills area have been identified in the Cleaning Industry, these include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Management and leadership; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Technical skills; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Literacy, numeracy and ESOL A key driver in the sector is the changing form of procurement. The process of procurement has become increasingly formalised and has most part been subject to European Union Commission guidelines, more challenges are therefore placed on cleaning firms in this sector. A recent report implied the importance of migrant workers within the industry. Firms in the cleaning sector are faced with an ageing workforce and recruitment issues, these firms have therefore been able to tap into the large resource of migrant workers, this has culminated in 37% of Englands cleaning labour being classified as migrant labour. Firms have been able to recruit more efficiently and cost effectively as well, however the only hinderance to this is the issue of language which is being subdued by coping the strategies from employer. Regional Distribution of cleaning companies within England, 2006 There are increasing demands being placed on the industry due to increased regulation and Visibility which, in time, it is anticipated will reveal greater skill needs. There are a couple of key issues as regards the cleaning sector, they include,  · Recruitment difficulties for domestic cleaning jobs because of competition from other sectors.  · Increased day-time cleaning and expanding skill mix needed  · Employment of migrant workers without language barrier.  · Employing expertise cleaning operatives into supervisory and managerial positions with inadequate training.  · Forecasted job losses of over 90,000 between 2004 and 2014 but concerns of replacement demand still workable.  · Pressure from customers for more work per capita in order to deliver contracts with less people  · Low rate of retention.  · Lack of long term investment in staff  · Difficulties in recruiting new employees into the workforce  · Misconstrued negative image for the sector discourages prospective minds to commit to a career in the industry.  · Skills gaps in managing teams, project management, problem solving and resource allocation, customer care, and managing change for supervisors and managers  · Mixed quality of training provision with low retention rates and qualification  · Inadequate filling of management training slots in the industry  · A small size of employers in the industry had a budget for training of employees.  · Unaccredited training for staffs.  · Employers want tailor fit training that meets their immediate needs and well as their budget.  · The key issues to training to training include the margins on contracts where training is perceived as a cost, career progression is seen as a mirage, shift work and problems of release, and inflexible modes of delivery. The cleaning sector is a low tech business characterized by ease of entry and entry. Highly competitive, reduces pricing and subsequently profits. Convenience is key in the cleaning sector, location to the market and fast turnaround on clothes so also cleanliness of the item are important. Consumer care little about what euipments or technology dat has being used as long as the the cleaning service is fast, convenient and effective. A model has been designed to address a couple of the sectors issues and it is outlined

Buffering Region of Histidine Monohydrochloride

Buffering Region of Histidine Monohydrochloride The objective of this experiment is to determine the buffering region of histidine monohydrochloride by titrating histidine with a base, NaOH. By plotting a suitable graph, the pKa values of histidine can be observed. Normally, a titration curve is constructed to illustrate the relationship between the pH of the mixture and the number of moles of base added to it. However in this experiment, the graph of pH against the number of moles of NaOH per mole of histidine is plotted. This is to ensure that the graph is independent of the volume and concentrations of the solutions used. After determining the pKa values of histidine, the maximal buffering capacity of the histidine-NaOH mixture, as well as the effective buffering range can be determined. Materials and Methods To prepare 20mM solution of histidine monohydrochloride, 0.196g of histidine monohydrochloride was dissolved in 46.8mL of water, according to the calculations below: No. of moles of histidine = = 9.35 10-4 mol = 46.8 mL Upon complete mixing of the 20mM histidine monohydrochloride solution using a magnetic stirrer, 20mL of the solution was transferred into a beaker. The burette was washed with distilled water followed by NaOH and subsequently filled with 0.05M NaOH. The original pH of histidine solution was measured using the pH meter before proceeding with titration. Titration was carried out by adding NaOH to the histidine solution at 0.5mL increments. After each increment, the pH value of the resulting acid-base mixture was recorded. Titration was stopped when the acid-base mixture reached pH 11.5. Results Calculations Calculation of no. of moles of histidine present in solution = = Plotting graph of pH against no. of moles of NaOH per mol of histidine Table: pH of histidine-NaOH solution with every 0.5mL of NaOH added Determining pKa values of histidine (i) Based on Graph 1, the two rectangles indicate the two regions where the curve approaches the point of inflection. The maximum and minimum points of the regions are marked with the yellow circle. By finding the average values of each set of maximum and minimum points, the respective pKa values can be determined. pKa1 = = 6.12 pKa2 = = 9.45 (ii) pKa1 is the point where = 0.5 pKa2 is the point where = 1.5 Based on Graph 1, pKa1 and pKa2 are points marked with the red cross. pKa1 = 6.16 pKa2 = 9.30 Maximal buffering capacity Effective buffering range Based on Graph 1, the acid-base mixture shows maximal buffering capacity at pH 6.12 and pH 9.45. The effective buffering range of a buffer is between  ±1 of the maximal buffering capacity. Thus, the effective buffering range of histidine is pH 5.12 to pH 7.12 and pH 8.45 to pH 10.45. If NaOH has not been accurately prepared, method used in (c)(i) will give a more reliable estimate of the pKa values. If NaOH has not been accurately prepared, the number of moles of NaOH will be different, changing the ratio of number of moles of NaOH per mole of histidine. Method (c)(ii) depends on this ratio to determine the two pKa values. Hence, inaccurate ratios will cause the resulting pKa values to vary, leading to less reliable estimate of pKa values. On the other hand, method (c)(i) does not depend on the ratio between number of moles of NaOH and histidine. Thus, an inaccurate ratio will not affect the pKa values being determined. Instead, method (c)(i) relies on the point of inflection of the graph, which plots pH against the number of moles of NaOH per mole of histidine. Plotting the graph in this manner ensures that it is independent of the volume and concentrations of the solutions used. In other words, even if NaOH has been inaccurately prepared, changing the concentration of the NaOH solution, the shape of the curve remains similar. Since the shape of the curve does not change, the point of inflection will be almost at the same point. pKa values obtained by method (c)(i) will be similar to the original values when NaOH was prepared accurately. Calculation of pH of the solution after addition of: 5mL of NaOH No. of moles of NaOH added = ÃÆ'- 0.05 = 2.5 x 10-4 mol NaOH †°Ã‚ ¡ Histidine No. of moles of histidine reacted = 2.5 x 10-4 mol Initial no. of moles of histidine = 4 x 10-4 mol No. of moles of histidine left = 4 x 10-4 2.5 x 10-4 mol = 1.5 x 10-4 mol pH = pKa + log pH = 6.12+ log = 6.34 (ii) 12mL of NaOH No. of moles of NaOH added = ÃÆ'- 0.05 = 6.0 x 10-4 mol No. of moles of NaOH left = 6.0 x 10-4 4 x 10-4 = 2.0 x 10-4 mol NaOH †°Ã‚ ¡ Histidine No. of moles of histidine reacted = 2.0 x 10-4 mol Initial no. of moles of histidine = 4 x 10-4 mol No. of moles of histidine left = 4 x 10-4 2.0 x 10-4 mol = 2.0 x 10-4 mol pH = pKa + log pH = 9.45 + log = 9.45 (i) Three ionisable groups are present in histidine at the initial pH of the experiment. The three groups are: carboxyl group, amino group and the R group (imidazole group). (ii) The amino group is responsible for the observed pKa value of 6.12 and the imidazole group is responsible for the pKa value of 9.45. Structures of ionic species of histidine that participate in cellular buffering Discussion Histidine is an amino acid that acts as a buffer and it has three ionisable groups: carboxyl group, amino group and imidazole group. In this experiment, the focus is on the dissociation constant of the amino and imidazole group. The titration curve (as shown in Graph 1) has two steps, or two points of inflection because the amino group dissociates first followed by the dissociation of imidazole group. Hence, the amino group is responsible for the observed pKa value of 6.12 and the imidazole group is responsible for the pKa value of 9.45. Two methods were used to determine the pKa values of histidine. However these calculated values are only estimates and may deviate from the actual values due to the following experimental errors: Parallax error occurs during the reading of the burette, resulting in inconsistent increment of NaOH added to the histidine solution. In other words, each increment of NaOH was not maintained at 0.5mL. This directly affects the precision of the experiment. Possible solution to minimise error: To avoid parallax error, ensure that the burette reading is taken from eye level at the bottom of the meniscus. The burette should also be placed in an upright position, perpendicular to the table. For a more precise burette reading, a black burette reading card can be placed behind the burette so as to get a clearer view, especially when colourless solutions are used. The beaker containing the histidine-NaOH mixture is placed on the magnetic stirrer throughout the titration to ensure a homogenous mixture for more accurate pH readings. After every 0.5mL of NaOH added to the mixture, the pH of the resulting mixture is recorded by using the pH meter. However, it takes time for the pH meter to generate a final pH reading that does not fluctuate. If the pH value is recorded too quickly after the addition of NaOH, the pH reading may be inaccurate. Possible solution to minimise error: To obtain greater accuracy in pH reading, ensure that an appropriate waiting time (about 2min) is maintained between the addition of NaOH and the recording of pH value. Conclusion From this experiment, it can be concluded from the titration curve that the amino group of histidine is responsible for the observed pKa value of 6.12 and the imidazole group is responsible for the pKa value of 9.45. These two pKa values correspond to the pH at which the acid-base mixture shows maximal buffering capacity. The effective buffering range of histidine is pH 5.12 to pH 7.12 and pH 8.45 to pH 10.45. EXPERIMENT 2: Effect of Buffer pKa on Buffering Capacity Introduction Buffers are solutions that are able to maintain a fairly constant pH when a small amount of acid or base is added. This experiment examines the effect of buffers pKa on buffering capacity by studying how well the two buffers of different pKa resist pH changes when acid or base is added. In scientific experiments, it is advisable to choose a buffer system in which the pKa of the weak acid is nearer to the pH of the interest. It will be ineffective for a buffer to resist pH changes if its pKa value is more than 1 pH unit from the pH of interest. Thus the study of the effect of pKa on buffering capacity is important in making a suitable choice of pH buffers for a specific experiment. Materials and Methods We study the effect of buffers pKa on buffering capacity by using 2 different buffers, potassium phosphate buffer and Tris-HCl, with pKa value 6.8 and 8.1 respectively. 3mL of 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer was pipetted into two test tubes, labelled A and B. 3mL of 0.01M Tris-HCl was also pipetted into two test tubes, labelled C and D. Three drops of universal pH indicator were added into each test tube, causing the solutions to turn green in colour (pH 7.0). HCl was added to test tubes A and C until the solutions turned pink (pH 4.0). KOH was added to test tubes B and D until the solutions turned purple (pH 10.0). The number of drops required for the solutions on each test tube to turn pink or purple in colour is recorded. The pH colour chart is used as it shows the colours of the solution at each pH level. Results Questions Table : Number of drops of acid or base needed for buffer solution to deviate from its initial neutrality (pH 7.0) pH Buffer pKa of buffer Initial pH No. of drops of HCl required to become acidic (pH 4.0) No. of drops of KOH required to become alkaline (pH 10.0) 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer 6.8 7.0 5 11 M Tris-HCl 8.1 7.0 2 20 Conclusions drawn from experiments According to Table 2, potassium phosphate buffer requires five drops of HCl to reach pH 4.0, compared to Tris-HCl which requires only two drops of HCl to reach pH 4.0. This shows that potassium phosphate buffer is a more effective buffer against acids. Potassium phosphate buffer requires eleven drops of KOH to reach pH 10.0 while Tris-HCl requires twenty drops of KOH to reach pH 10.0. Based on the results, Tris-HCl behaves as a more efficient buffer under basic conditions as it requires more amount of KOH than that of potassium phosphate to reach pH 10.0. This means that Tris-HCl has greater ability to resist increases in pH but not decreases in pH. On the other hand, potassium phosphate buffer is a more efficient buffer under acidic conditions as it requires lesser amount of HCl to reach pH 4.0. Similarly, this means that potassium phosphate buffer has greater ability to resist decreases in pH but not increases in pH. It can be deduced that a buffer with greater pKa value is a more efficient buffer in basic conditions while a buffer with smaller pKa value is a more efficient buffer in acidic conditions. Choosing a suitable buffer to study the properties of a phosphatase which functions optimally at pH 7.2 I would use the 0.01M Tris-HCl to study the properties of a phosphatase. It is more appropriate to use a buffer with effective buffering range nearer to the pH of phosphatase. Tris-HCl has an effective buffering range of pH 7.1 to 9.1 while potassium phosphatase buffer has an effective buffering range of pH 5.8 to 7.8. Simply by considering the effective buffering range of the two buffers, it can be concluded that both buffers can be used to study the properties of phosphatase which functions optimally at pH 7.2. However, considering the effective buffering range of the buffers is not sufficient to come to a sound conclusion. In this case, phosphatase is an enzyme that functions to hydrolyse phosphate groups. By adding potassium phosphate buffer to phosphatase, phosphatase will break down the phosphate group in the potassium phosphate buffer. This changes the chemical properties and hence the buffering capability of the potassium phosphate buffer. Therefore, Tris-HCl is a more suitable buffer for the studying of phosphatase. Discussion In Experiment 1, the endpoint of the reactions is determined using a pH meter and construction a titration curve. However in this experiment, the endpoint is visually observed by the help of a pH colour chart. Possible sources of experimental errors arising from this method and ways to improve the experiment are discussed below: In this experiment, only two types of buffers, Tris-HCl and potassium phosphate buffer, were used. The experiment can be improved by using more types of pH buffers to obtain more data. This will allow more accurate evaluation of the relationship between the pKa value and the buffering capacity, and thus the effect of pKa value on the buffering capacity. Although the pH colour chart is used to compare the colours of the solutions, personal judgment comes into play when determining the colour change in the chemical reactions. Possible solution to minimise error: Be consistent in deciding the point of colour change and the endpoint of the experiment. Conclusion From this experiment, it can be concluded that a buffer with greater pKa value is a more efficient buffer in basic conditions and a buffer with smaller pKa value is a more efficient buffer in acidic conditions. Though a buffers pKa can affect its buffering capacity, however when choosing a suitable buffer for an experiment, we cannot simply rely on the pKa of a buffer. It is also crucial to consider the chemical properties and structure of the buffer and other reagents to be used in the experiment. EXPERIMENT 3: Effect of Temperature on the pH of a buffer Introduction The aim of this experiment is to examine the effect of temperature on the pH of a buffer. This can be done by observing the changes in pH of two different buffers when temperature of the buffer solution decreases from room temperature to 4 °C. pH of the buffers that are used to maintain the pH of the lab samples can change during changes in temperature due to cooling process. Changes in pH of buffers upon temperature changes can be explained by the Le Chateliers Principle. The study of the effect of temperature on pH of a buffer is crucial in choosing the right pH buffer that is able to show minimum changes in buffer pH, to maintain the properties of the biological samples that requires specific pH environment. Materials and Methods We study the effect of temperature on the pH of a buffer by using two different buffers, 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer and 0.01M Tris-HCl. 3mL of each buffer solution were pipetted into two separate test tubes. The initial pH values of the two buffers at room temperature are measured using the pH meter and recorded. Subsequently, both test tubes were placed into the ice box to cool to 4 °C. After 20 minutes, the test tubes were taken out of the ice box and placed in an ice bath to maintain the temperature of the buffer solutions at 4 °C. The pH of the cooled buffer solutions were measured again and recorded to obtain the results as seen in Table 3. By evaluating the pH changes (either increase or decrease) and the extent of these changes from the original pH value, we can observe the effect of temperature on the pH of a buffer. Results Questions Table : The changes in the pH of the buffer solution as temperature is decreased to 4 °C Buffer pH at room temperature pH at 4 °C Difference in pH change (unit) 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer 7.03 7.49 0.46 0.01M Tris-HCl 7.01 8.16 1.15 Effect of temperature on the pH of Tris-HCl and potassium phosphate buffer According to Table 3, at low temperature of 4 °C, both buffer solutions become more alkaline. As temperature decreased from the room temperature to 4 °C, the pH potassium phosphate buffer increased from 7.03 to 7.49, with a difference in pH change of 0.46. With the same change in temperature, the pH of Tris-HCl increased from 7.01 to 8.16, with a difference in pH change of 1.15. This shows that Tris-HCl exhibits greater changes in pH than potassium phosphate buffer, upon a given change in temperature. In conclusion, temperature has a greater effect on the pH of Tris-HCl compared to potassium phosphate buffer. HA A Ã‚ » + H Ã‚ º ΆH = -ve As illustrated by the chemical equation above, the dissociation of buffers are endothermic processes. Being an endothermic process, heat is being absorbed and temperature decreases. Based on Le Chateliers Principle, when temperature decreases, the system will react to result in an increase in temperature. Hence, decreasing temperature to 4 °C favours the backward reaction, which is an exothermic reaction that produces heat. The position of equilibrium shifts to the left, more H Ã‚ º reacts with A Ã‚ » to form HA. Thus, the concentration of H Ã‚ º decreases and causes the pH of the buffer to increase. Discussion Based on the experimental results, it is clear that temperature changes the pH of the buffer. Though this is not a complicated experiment, it is still subjected to experimental errors and can be improved by the following ways: Only two types of buffers, Tris-HCl and potassium phosphate buffer, were used in this experiment. The experiment was also conducted at only one temperature. Using several buffers over a range of temperatures will allow us to observe the pH of a variety of buffers at different temperatures. In addition, both buffers used in this experiment showed an increase in alkalinity. Hence, including more variety of buffers will allow us to evaluate which type of buffer has tendency to become more alkaline or acidic with the changes in temperature. This experiment was conducted without the use of a thermometer, hence there was uncertainty in determining the temperature of the buffer solutions. It was assumed that by placing the test tubes in the ice box for 20 minutes and then transferring into an ice bath, the buffer solutions would be maintained at 4ËÅ ¡C. However, it is difficult to maintain ice baths at 4ËÅ ¡C for a long period of time due to heat gain from the surroundings. Possible solution to minimise error: Keep a thermometer in the ice bath and consistently check the temperature of the ice bath. Add in more ice when the ice melts. It was difficult to identify the endpoint of the experiment. Even after a long period of time (about 30 minutes), the pH reading shown on the pH meter still continued to increase slowly. Hence, stopping the experiment too early may result in an inaccurate pH reading. Possible solution to minimise error: Since it is difficult to identify the endpoint of the experiment, it is perhaps more logical to standardise the duration of the experiment for both buffer solutions. For example, 30 minutes for each buffer solution. Conclusion From this experiment, it can be concluded that a decrease in temperature will cause a change in pH of a buffer. However, the pH of the buffer does not always increase when temperature decreases. This depends on whether the dissociation process is endothermic or exothermic. In the case of an endothermic dissociation process, pH of the buffer will increase when temperature decreases. This can be explained by Le Chateliers Principle which states that the backward exothermic reaction will occur so as to counteract the change. Hence, the Tris-HCl and potassium phosphate buffers become more alkaline as temperature decreases.

Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Witches as Heroines :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Witches as the Heroines of Macbeth Traditionally, the witches of Shakespeare's Macbeth have been treated as symbolic manifestations of the potential for evil. Many students and critics of Macbeth enjoy blaming the witches, along with Lady Macbeth, for Macbeth's downfall. Regardless, it may be argued that the witches are the heroines of the play. One eminent modern literary critic, Terry Eagleton, has addressed the issue of the witches as heroines directly: To any unprejudiced reader--which would seem to exclude Shakespeare himself, his contemporary audiences and almost all literary critics--it is surely clear that positive value in Macbeth lies with the three witches. The witches are the heroines of the piece, however little the play itself recognizes the fact, and however much the critics may have set out to defame them. (William Shakespeare, p. 2) For Eagleton, the social reality of the witches matters. They are outcasts, much like feminists they live on the fringe of society in a female community, at odds with the male world of "civilization," which values military butchery. The fact that they are female and associated with the natural world beyond the aristocratic oppression in the castles indicates that they are excluded others. Their equality in a female community declares their opposition to the masculine power of the militaristic society. They have no direct power, but they have become expert at manipulating or appealing to the self-destructive contradictions of their military oppressors. They can see Macbeth's destruction as a victory of a sort: one more viciously individualistic, aggressive male oppressor has gone under. This suggestion is not entirely serious (Eagleton observes that the play does not recognize the issue he is calling attention to), but it underscores a key point in the tragic experience of Macbeth, its connection to a willed repudiation of the deep mysterious heart of life, the place where sexuality and the unconscious hold sway. This aspect of life is commonly associated with and hence symbolized by women, for complex reasons which there is not time to go into here (but which would seem to be intimately bound up with women's sexuality and fertility, contacts with the irrational centres of life which men do not understand and commonly fear). In seeking to stamp his own willed vision of the future onto life, the tragic hero rejects a more direct acquaintance with or acceptance of life's mystery.

napoleon and frederick the great :: essays research papers

Napoleon versus Frederick the Great   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have chosen to compare Napoleon to Frederick the Great. I will compare these two extremely influential leaders through numerous techniques; including their military history, the administration of their territories, the legacy they left upon their countries, among others. Napoleon was a great soldier that graduated from military school at the age of sixteen and quickly worked his way through the ranks. Napoleon was a brilliant leader in battle and consistently defeated armies larger than his own; including when he forced the Austrians to make peace after defeating four of their generals. In 1799 Napoleon and his colleagues overtook the French government and established power. He revised the constitution in 1802 to make himself consul for life, and then again in 1804 to make himself Emperor of France. Soon after Napoleon came to power he restructured the administration, simplified the court system, and began monitoring the schooling system; French law was also put in the Napoleon Code which guaranteed the rights and liberties that were gained through the revolution. Napoleons violent behavior caused war with Britain to break out, who allied with Russia and Austria. Prussia later allied themselves with Russia; creating a huge alliances against France an d Napoleon. Napoleon successfully extended his reign over large parts of Europe and put each state under the Napoleon Code, which gave citizens new rights and privileges. In 1812 all of Europe turned against Napoleon, which lead to his exile in 1814. He regained power in 1815 just to loose it later that year. He died in exile in Saint Helena in 1821.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick the Great was son of King Frederick William I and was born into prince hood. Frederick was raised to become a strong soldier and thrifty administrator. Frederick did not like the life his father planned for him and choose the more artsy aspects of life. His crown as prince was taken from him until he reapplied himself as a loyal member under his father’s reign. Frederick took over power after his father’s death in 1840; almost immediately he began attempting to improve Prussian policy. By 1745 Frederick was seen as a more than able military leader after winning a second war with Austria. Frederick played a huge role in destroying Austrians dominance. Frederick was a good leader, keeping himself in touch with the work of his officials and kept an eye on his troops and officers.

Motivation Theories Essay

The motivation theory that I am in most agreement with would be the Diversity view point. We as humans are motivated by a variety of different things; every individual is unique and has different goals, purposes, perspectives and ways of life for one another. This means that one person’s drive for victory and success will be different from another. The Diversity view makes me believe that it is impossible for individuals to have a small set of basic motivations and needs within their human behavior and experiences. Diversity puts into clear view that everyone has and faces different motivations, drives, needs, goals, perspectives, and purposes for what they want out of life. In modern day people live their life and are determined to better their future from their past. This means that the past that I have already lived is what created the path, walkway, stepping stones for who I want to become in the future and, what I plan on accomplishing in life. I live for this belief beca use it is the reason why I do what I am doing today. The plan that I thought I was destined to take three days ago might have been altered today, and I might have to found a new path to follow. As an adult me and everyone else remembers their childhood this is part of life that cannot be avoided. Later in life when we become parents we might or might not incorporate how we were treated and acted as children into our parenting skills. Often we will use our past experiences to set example to our child why they should or should not do something. This is so that we can teach them the right thing to do in certain situations. As we live our daily lives one day at a time, we tent to piece together our memories of events in our past and develop thoughts of what is soon to come in our future. After discussing Diversity my most agreed motivation theory we get to my least agreed one which is Psychoanalytical. I cannot find a single thing on this motivation theory that I agree with. I believe us as humans are the cause of our own actions, and we should be held at fault for them. I believe individuals have to seize control of their life taking responsibility for their actions. Every action that takes place because of human behavior cannot be determined and know by something we have no control over. We as humans do as we please with developed human behavior because we have no boundaries to stop us (realistic). We are in control of our own life and create our own fate (future). We as individuals chose what we want out of life, and how we will obtain it. There are however  unavoidable twist of fates that are created due to another person like murder, car accidents, plane crashes, and exedra. The final claim of my disagreement is we as humans are greedy never satisfied with what we have in life, we always want more. That is what either makes us or breaks us in life thus creating who we are and for what purpose we are that person for.

Discussion As A Learning Strategy Education Essay

Askell-Willams and Lawson ( 2005 ) has carried out a sophisticated survey in teaching-learning treatment, they investigated the subject in different facet, and the overview below are concluded by positions of expertness in positions of psychological, sociological-constructivism and socio-linguists. There is a convincing ground that why treatment can function as instruction and larning intent. Dillon ( 1994 ) stated that treatment can profit in â€Å" apprehension of capable affair and declaration of issues related to the capable affair and its educational map ; personal growing ; and apprehension of the value of group contemplation and deliberation † . Discussion is besides a primary mechanism in pupils ‘ societal minutess. The treatment itself served as a cognition building procedure. Social minutess in schoolroom can promote pupil to set the cognition into â€Å" public sphere † , their logical thinking and understands can so be the augmented, examined, elaborated, critiqued and related to the apprehensions of other people. Tobin, Tippins, and Gallard ( 1994 ) besides stated that the function of treatment provided a perfect platform for pupils to interact. Group interaction can supply a background in which pupil can be negotiate differences of sentiment and seek understanding. It is more of import that pupil can bring forth inquiry and clear up apprehension of specific content. Peers interaction can develop their ability to talk out, fearless in order to take a proper base. Based on the societal cognitive position, discourse is besides a primary deliberation tool for cognitive development. Nuthall ( 1997 ) proposed that the possible benefit of discourse is â€Å" transactional relationship between socio-cultural experience and self-organizational activities of the head † . Such activities of the head are facilitated through treatment, Askell-Willams and Lawson showed us an illustration. If a pupil merely acquires cognition from a instructor, the pupil will merely integrate the â€Å" individual dependent position of the student-teacher relationship † . If, on the other manus, the pupil acquires the cognition in treatment in which different positions are described, explained and debated, the pupil ‘s representation of the scheme will integrate a â€Å" larger web of intertwined societal and logical relationships † . Such a web defines the dimensions of a mental infinite within which the pupil can research, interact with, and se ek out alternate beliefs, statements, and decisions. ( Nuthall, 1997, p. 743 )Problem rose from treatmentOf class utilizing treatment as a acquisition scheme is non suited in every state of affairs. Baxter, Woodward and Olson ( 2001 ) showed that larning through category treatment might non effectual for those â€Å" low-achieving † pupils, it is excessively hard for them to involved in the treatment often and they may non hold opportunity to talk out harmonizing to their shyness. Hollander ( 2002 ) besides noted that the organisation of effectual treatment at the single degree is non straightforward. Some pupil talk much while other negotiations small, the content of treatments can be awkward, there is no warrant that the treatment content will be â€Å" threaded in a coherent mode † and non all pupils might hold developed effectual accomplishment for part. It should besides be noted that, go forthing pupil discuss by their ain will non prosecuting an effectual treatment. Many pupils need specific direction in order to cognize how to inquire proper inquiries and give proper respond. Although the expertness may hold that treatment is a possible acquisition scheme for instruction, the cardinal shareholder is the scholar. If pupils ‘ cognition is non plenty to let them to do effectual usage of a treatment, merely like â€Å" how to move efficaciously † , â€Å" how to inquire proper inquiries â€Å" and â€Å" how to give proper respond † , in this state of affairs, the benefit of treatment as a acquisition attack are improbable to be survey.The value of coaction and treatment in larning scheme for Online acquisition EnvironmentJ. Clark / Stimulating coaction and treatment in online larning environments Internet and Higher Education 4 ( 2001 ) 119-124 From the above, we can see that how discussion benefit in pupils ‘ acquisition, here we will discourse the value of coaction and treatment in larning scheme for Online Learning Environments ( OLEs ) . Clark ( 2001 ) stated that although it is accomplishable that larning with pupil interaction ( inactive acquisition ) , active acquisition through interaction including â€Å" module playing as equals, ushers, and moderators † is by and large see more effectual and good suited to OLEs. Discussion is non like the traditional teacher talk method of instruction. Discussion and coaction increased pupils ‘ engagement in which engages pupils actively participated in the acquisition procedure comparison with the traditional teacher talk learning method, treatment are able promote the belonging of â€Å" pupils ‘ accomplishment and satisfaction † . ( Hiltz, 1998 ; Johnson, 1981 ) . † Clark stated that, although the pupil and teacher remained as a cardinal participant in the treatment as larning scheme, there are still some different between the traditional schoolroom and OLEs. The diagram stated below illustrated their different.Tradition ClassroomLecture TimeLecture clip is limited Online categories run 24 hr a twenty-four hours from the beginning to the terminal of the classClass BreakCasual conversations in the schoolroom will interrupt the order of the category Discussion forums have replaced the insouciant conversations in the schoolroom and have a lasting written logDiscussion qualityDiscussion in category are ever rapid and experimental Discussions are no longer rapid and experimental. The treatment tool can be good defined in order to ease pupils ‘ treatmentRespond TimeDiscussion in category are ever conduct spontaneously, pupil has no adequate clip to believe about the inquiry and make a proper respond Students have adequate clip to read other pupil ‘s remarks, do research, and explicate a elaborate responseStudent Secret DialoguesSecret pupil duologues are non easy gimmick during the category For the treatment room there are no concern about secret pupil duologues, all informations will be logged and all the interactivities can be trace out from logTime and Space LimitationStudents may non take part at any clip of the twenty-four hours ; the treatment is limited by the location and infinite. Students may take part at any clip of the twenty-four hours that suits them from work, place, or while going.Students ‘ MotivationThe treatment is Instructor mediated, teacher played an of import to actuate pupil to larn. The subject imposed by traditional fixed meeting times and topographic points with reminders of due day of the months is replaced by the demand that the pupils self-motivate and keep control of their parts and deadlines. Fig1. The different between traditional schoolroom and OLEs.The Shift of Face to Face treatment to Computer Mediated DiscussionFrom the last session, we can see that there is advantage of utilizing OLEs in treatment than traditional schoolroom. How about pupil? Do they besides want to utilize the electronic resources to larn and interact with each other? An and Frick ( 2006 )[ I ]found that pupil preferred to utilize computing machine mediated communicating ( CMC ) than face to face ( F2F ) as communicating media under certain status. Here are the grounds: Flexibility The location and clip become an independent variable in CMC such that pupil can execute treatment on web anyplace. Interactivity increased The flexibleness of digital acquisition platform besides contributed to the 2nd point, it will increase the interactivity between the pupils and every bit good as the Instructor. The learning manner of the pupils is therefore transform from independent larning to equals larning by the usage of computing machine AIDSs. Sutton ( 2001 )[ two ]( in An and Frick, 2006 ) suggested that CMC has caused the displacement from â€Å" correspondence acquisition † to â€Å" societal acquisition † . Berge ( 1995 )[ three ]( in An and Frick, 2006 ) has besides suggested the interaction among teachers, pupils, contents and interface have been â€Å" maximized † in the on-line treatment and therefore ease the constructive thought. Allow pupil to larn by their ain gait When comparison to F2F, CMC provide pupil more clip to react the inquiry. It allows pupil to analysis and reflect the inquiry with adequate clip so that they can compose thoughtful responds. Student can therefore larn by their ain extremum in CMC, they can besides take control to their acquisition and interact with the equal in order to construct cognition.Overview of the Discussion Tool – Synchronized and Asynchronous Discussion toolDiscussion is decidedly a common execution for Computer Mediate Communication. Generally, on-line treatment tool can split in to two types, they are synchronized and asynchronous treatment tool. And as educational platforms, the two distinguishable format of interaction impact otherwise. In this session, we are traveling to look into the pros and cons of these treatment tools in acquisition. What is asynchronous treatment tool? Harmonizing to Johnson ( 2006 ) , asynchronous direction â€Å" occurs in delayed clip and does non necessitate the coincident engagement of pupil and instructor † . The asynchronous direction was used in distance instruction in the early twelvemonth due to postal holds. The asynchronous voice conferencing are already proven utile in some instructional contexts, text-based asynchronous direction are besides widely used in the post-secondary instruction, it can besides be considered as asynchronous on-line treatment. Johnson stated that pedagogues has been look into the efficiency of asynchronous on-line treatment, they reported that it can â€Å" encouraging in-depth, more thoughtful treatment ; pass oning with temporally diverse pupils ; keeping on-going treatments where file awaying is required ; and leting all pupils to react to a subject † ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) . There are besides possible restrictions of the asynchronous treatment room. Student may non look into the forum often, deficiency of self-generated feedback may take pupils experience isolated, it is necessary to pass more clip in the treatment in order to do it mature ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) . All in all, Dede and Kremer ( 1999 ) conducted a study to look into the pupils ‘ penchants of asynchronous treatment tool. They found that the asynchronous treatment provided a more comprehensive interchange for them, but it required more clip and provided less societal interaction than synchronal confabs. What is synchronal treatment tool? Harmonizing to Johnson ( 2006 ) , â€Å" Synchronous direction occurs in existent clip and requires the coincident engagement of pupils and instructor † . The synchronal direction was used in the closed circuit telecasting on university campus in the early twelvemonth. Until 1980s, video-conferencing and synergistic telecasting connected distant schoolroom, in which, the synchronal treatment let pupil to inquire inquiry and execute interaction in spontaneously, the pedagogues start behavior survey how synchronal treatment tool aid pupil in acquisition. As you can see, synchronal communicating tools allow multiple users communicate with each other at the same clip utilizing text messages, study ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) showed that synchronal confab tools are utile for â€Å" † keeping practical office hours, squad decision-making, and brainstorming, community edifice, and covering with proficient issues † . Spontaneous feedback can do pupil feel connected ; pupil will non experience isolated in this state of affairs, meanwhile, pupil are all actively take part in the treatment tool synchronously, non like asynchronous treatment tool, required pupil to login often to look into for update. But there are still restrictions for the synchronal treatment tool. It is hard to implement synchronal treatment tool comparison with asynchronous treatment tool. It is difficult to acquire pupils online at the same clip, and it is hard in manage large-scale conversation. Lack of contemplation clip for pupil and it is demanding for the hapless typist. ( Branon & A ; Essex, 2001, p. 36 ) Synchronous Versus asynchronous online treatment Educators are normally agreed the larning result of asynchronous on-line treatment room is better the face-to-face treatment. But the restrictions stated above ( isolation and often engagement ) deter them to utilize this mechanism entirely. There lead to the tendency of implementing synchronal confabs tool, it is because synchronal confabs can overrule those restriction, as it â€Å" efforts to emulates † face-to-face treatment. Using synchronal confabs non merely enhanced societal dealing but besides better pupil larning result. Johnson ( 2001 ) suggested the best methodological analysis is uniting the synchronal and asynchronous confabs tool in Online Learning Environment in order to acquire â€Å" higher degrees of pupil satisfaction and command of class demands than execution of either manner in isolation † . Johnson stated that there is a study supported pupil who ‘s used both treatment tools are most likely to accomplish the class demand because utilizing the both tools can maximise â€Å" personal battle in larning † .Review on bing systemInstructor Controlled Chat System ( ICCS ) ICCS ( Thirunarayanan, 2000 ) was proposed to allow the teacher involve into the pupil treatment, it can repair the job with chat confusion and convergence. He proposed two package sweetenings in order to accomplish the purpose: Instructor mediated confabs Teachers will hold two Windowss on their proctor, one is the pupil treatment window and the other is the teacher control window. Each message raised from the pupil will direct to the teacher window foremost earlier published to the other pupils, the teacher will take the relevant inquiry / response to print. Students are merely type and respond to the inquiry until the teacher sends the message to the pupil window Instructor intimations before the confab subdivision The 2nd point is to salvage short remarks ; inquiries and statement in the database before the confab session Begin. Once the pupil is deficiency of thought, the teacher can do usage of the pre-saved statements to inquire inquiry and remind pupils to remain focused on relevant subject. Potential job of ICCS As the treatment flow is extremely depended to the teacher, it will impact the smoothness of the treatment and do it uneffective. As the treatment stuff is censored by the teacher, the quality of the treatment will extremely depends on the quality of the teacher The less attending paid by the scholar as they can trust on the instructor remark or direction. The work load of the teacher will be increased as at that place may hold many treatment groups in a category. Mediated confabs The mediated confab ( Hugo, Pimentel, & A ; Lucena, 2006 ) was designed to avoid â€Å" Message Overload † . Harmonizing to the writers, message overload refers to many messages from the participants are being show at one time. Mediated chat uses the computing machine mediated channel to work out the job. In mediated confab, the pupil message will first direct to the confab waiter and waiting line. The confab waiter will roll up all the messages and print them to the duologue window one by one. The pupil are able to see a queue list in the window, they are able to see their topographic point in the waiting line. If their thought are posted by the pupil in the precedence topographic point in the waiting line, the pupil are able to cancel their submit message and compose a new one to direct to the confab waiter. Potential job of Mediated Chat The system can work out the message overload job is a reasonably effectual manner, nevertheless for the job of easing the effectivity of the treatment. There are some possible jobs in it: With this method it can take down the load of the teacher but there are no AIDSs to assist pupil to believe critically since they are without the aid of the teacher. As the treatment flow is extremely dependent on the confab waiter, there are no manner the quiz or alter the topographic point of the waiting line. CSCL environment for â€Å" Six Thinking chapeaus † Discussion Tamura, & A ; Shuichi ( 2007 )[ four ]proposed a scenario-based asynchronous treatment environment by utilizing the six believing hat theoretical account. In which, the pupil are put on a specific chapeau wholly and lend thought for this coloured chapeau. After the first hat session, a facilitator will travel the whole group to the group reappraisal subdivision ( illustrated in figure5 ) and it will further travel to other hat subdivision onward. For the â€Å" Group reappraisal † , each pupil will knock other scholars ‘ statement, and there is a facilitator to command the critic. Fig5 Scenario-based Process of Discussion The ground of the precedence of the chapeau colour: Red & gt ; While & gt ; Green & gt ; Yellow & gt ; Black and Blue is because: Red Hat: Emotion chapeau, it is easy for the scholar to province his personal sentiment even they are non familiar with the six believing hat method. White Hat: The chapeau of fact, It provided the pupil cardinal information to discourse. Green hat & gt ; Yellow hat & gt ; Black chapeau: These chapeaus used to lend thoughts and standing point to the treatment, it is a good manner to set it after the emotion chapeau and the chapeau of fact. Blue chapeau: Using bluish hat as a summarized chapeau. It is the best manner to set it at last. The sum-up of the â€Å" Six Thinking chapeaus † Discussion The treatment tool utilizes the six believing chapeaus theoretical account, in which, it provided a platform for parallel thought. And therefore it fulfilled the five advantages we suggested in the last subdivision. The chapeau sequence is logical. Which make the ruddy chapeau at the first, white chapeau follows and the blue chapeau at the terminal. Tamura, & A ; Shuichi ( 2006 ) have examined their theoretical account uses questionnaire, they found this system can lend to the assorted point of view for a given subject and supply the relaxation to sum up. There are some points we can take from this system: It is a good manner to allow the pupil to lend thought wholly ( all pupil contribute to a hat one by one ) at the really get downing. It can coerce to student to believe in different way at least one time. But we believe that it is better to lodge one pupil a peculiar function after the first rhythm. It is because the group may be ignored some minor thought during the ulterior treatment ( e.g. feeling ) . If we stick a pupil to a peculiar function after the first rhythm. The job will be fixed. ( Details flow will be explained in following chapter ) The system should enable some characteristics to ease the pupil to summarized thoughts. Meanwhile, it is besides a of import point to enable characteristic to ease pupil to take up their specific function.Discussion methodStructured Academic Controversyhypertext transfer protocol: //www.lawanddemocracy.org/discussionsac.html â€Å" ControversyA exists when one individual ‘s thoughts, information, decisions, theories, and sentiments are incompatible with those of another, and the two seek to make an understanding † ( Johnson & A ; Johnson, 1995 ) SAC is a learning attack that encourages pupil to take one side at one time and dispute with the other side, pupil will foremost divided in two squads, and they are traveling to reason a subject alternately, they are traveling to reason the subject BOTH sides of a controversial issue and finally achieved the understanding on the issue. Structured Academic Controversy is a learning attack that encourages pupils to take on and argue for, alternately, BOTH sides of a controversial issue and finally come up with a balanced sentiment about that issue. Students work in braces to go familiar with one side of an issue, and so argument with another brace who has become familiar with the opposing side. Pairs so exchange â€Å" sides, † become familiar with the opposing statement, and argument once more. Finally, the two braces come together to discourse the strengths and failing of each side of the statement, come to a consensus about their corporate sentiment about the statement, and present that thought to the other quads. This learning attack encourages pupils to see all sides of an issue every bit before explicating a concluding sentiment. Philosophic Chairs Discussion Six Thinking Hats Model