Death of a Salesman The American Dream Theme

Some may argue that the appeal of Arthur Millers play Death of a Salesman is the struggle each character encounters as they try to pursue and define their American Dream. The rags to riches idea—where hard work and persistence, coupled with high hopes and inner and outer struggles that often accompany it, should lead to success—seems timelessly relatable and represents one of the central themes of the story. Miller fabricated the character of a salesman without an identified product, and the audience connects with him that much more. Creating a worker broken by a vague, unfeeling industry stems from the playwright’s socialist leanings, and it has often been said that Death of a Salesman is a harsh criticism of the American Dream. However, according to Miller, the play is not necessarily a critique of the American Dream as our forefathers thought of it. Rather, what it condemns is the confusion that enters when people take the material success for the end-all-be-all and elevate it above spirituality, connection with nature, and, most importantly, relationships with others. Willy Loman’s American Dream To the protagonist of Death of a Salesman, the American Dream is the ability to become prosperous by mere charisma. Willy believes that charming personality, and not necessarily hard work and innovation, is the key to success. Time and again, he wants to make sure his boys are well-liked and popular. For example, when his son Biff confesses to making fun of his math teacher’s lisp, Willy is more concerned with how Biff’s classmates react than with the morality of Biffs action: BIFF: I Crossed my eyes and talked with a lithp.​​ WILLY [laughing]: You did? The kids like it? BIFF: They nearly died laughing! Of course, Willy’s version of the American Dream never pans out: Despite his son’s popularity in high school, Biff grows up to be a drifter and a ranch-hand.Willy’s own career falters as his sales ability flat-lines.When he tries to use â€Å"personality† to ask his boss for a raise, he gets fired instead. Willy is very much concerned with being somebody and paying off his mortgage, which in themselves arent necessarily bad goals. His tragic flaw is that he fails to recognize the love and devotion that surround him and elevates the goals prescribed by society above all else. Ben’s American Dream One person Willy really admires and wishes he was more like is his older brother Ben. In a way, Ben embodies the original American Dream—the ability to start with nothing and somehow make a fortune: BEN [giving great weight to each word, and with a certain vicious audacity]: William, when I walked into the jungle, I was seventeen. When I walked out I was twenty-one. And, by God, I was rich! Willy is envious of his brother’s success and machismo. But Willy’s wife Linda, one of the characters who can actually distinguish from true and superficial values, is frightened  and concerned when Ben stops by for a brief visit. To her, he represents wildness and danger. This is displayed when Ben horses around with his nephew Biff. Just as Biff starts to win their sparring match, Ben trips the boy and stands over him with the â€Å"point of his umbrella poised at Biff’s eye.† Ben’s character signifies that a few people can achieve the â€Å"rags to riches† version of the American Dream. Yet, Miller’s play also suggests that one must be ruthless (or at least a bit wild) in order to achieve it. Happys American Dream When it comes to Willys sons, they each appear to have inherited a different side of Willy. Happy, despite being a more static and one-sided character, is following in Willys footsteps of self-delusion and pretenses. He is a shallow character who is content with going from job to job, as long as he has some income and can devote himself to his female interests. Charleys and Bernards American Dream Willys neighbor Charley and his son Bernard stand in opposition to Lomans familys ideals. The protagonist frequently puts both of them down, promising his sons that they will do better in life than their neighbors because they look better and are more liked. Willy: That’s just what I mean, Bernard can get the best marks in school, y’understand, but when he gets out in the business world, y’understand, you are going to be five times ahead of him. That’s why I thank Almighty God you’re both built like Adonises. Because the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have to wait in line to see a buyer. Yet, it is Charley who has his own business and not Willy. And it is Bernards seriousness about school that ensured his future success, which is in stark contrast with the paths of the Loman brothers. Instead, Charley and Bernard are both honest, caring, and hard-working without the unnecessary bravado. They demonstrate that with the right attitude, the American Dream is indeed achievable. Biff’s American Dream Biff is one of the most complex characters in this play. Although he has felt confused and angry since discovering his father’s infidelity, Biff Loman does have the  potential to pursue the â€Å"right† dream—if only he could resolve his inner conflict. Biff is pulled by two different dreams. One is that of his father’s world of business, sales, and capitalism. Biff is captured by his love and admiration for his father and struggles to decide what is the right way to live. On the other hand, he also inherited his fathers sense of poetry and love for the natural life that Willy didnt allow to fully develop. And so Biff dreams of nature, the great outdoors, and working with his hands. Biff explains this tension to his brother when he talks about both the appeal and the angst of working on a ranch: BIFF: There’s nothing more inspiring or—beautiful than the sight of a mare and a new colt. And it’s cool there now, see? Texas is cool now, and it’s spring. And whenever spring comes to where I am, I suddenly get the feeling, my God, I’m not getting anywhere! What the hell am I doing, playing around with horses, twenty-eight dollars a week! I’m thirty-four years old. I oughta be makin’ my future. That’s when I come running home. By the end of the play, Biff realizes that his father had the â€Å"wrong† dream. He knows that Willy was great with his hands (he built their garage and put up a new ceiling), and Biff believes that Willy should have been a carpenter or should have lived in another, more rustic part of the country. But instead, Willy pursued an empty life. He sold nameless, unidentified products, and watched his American Dream fall apart. During the funeral of his father, Biff decides that he will not allow the same thing to happen to himself. He turns away from Willy’s dream and, presumably, returns to the countryside, where good, old-fashioned manual labor will ultimately make his restless soul content. Sources Matthew C. Roudane, Conversations with Arthur Miller. Jackson, Mississippi, 1987, p. 15.Bigsby, Christopher.  Introduction. Death of a Salesman: Certain Private Conversations in Two Acts and a Requiem by Arthur Miller, Penguin Books, 1999, pp. vii-xxvii.

The Purpose Of Business Process Outsourcing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2887 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Business process outsourcing is a process, which the product or services is provided by a company, for the support of achieve the goal of main business in another firm, such a way that the process is economically efficient and effectively protect the quality and the cost. That can be divided into two categories. Those are; 1. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Purpose Of Business Process Outsourcing" essay for you Create order In -shore outsourcing 2. Offshore outsourcing In-shore outsourcing This is an outsourcing process, which produce service or goods for the company by different manufactures in different locations within the same country. As an example, vehicle bearings for the Toyota Company are producing by Koyo bearing Company. Both the companies are situated in Japan. However, Toyota specialized in vehicle manufacturing not in bearing manufacturing and Koyo specialized in bearing production and designing. Both the companies are getting benefit from producing exceptional ultimate product at competitive price. Airline industry is also one of the best examples for this. They sell travel tickets for some destinations, which they do not fly. As an example, British Airways normally do not fly to Sri Lanka, as it is not a profitable destination for them. However, they sell tickets to Sri Lankan destinations link with the Cathy Pacific airways. By doing this they do satisfy the customer and at the same time they are making the profit. In this business process, both British Airways and Cathy Pacific get win-win situation and reciprocally beneficial the business culture. Offshore outsourcing Simplest meaning of the offshore is Any country other than your own country. In offshore outsourcing companies in developed countries export, IT related work from developing countries, which are politically stabilized, and has the lower labour cost. This type of outsourcing has become a reality because of the globalization. Nowadays most of the organizations are using offshore outsourcing as a weapon to compete with their competitors. Competition among the business firms are growing rapidly day-by-day and therefore reducing the cost of the products and services and improving the efficiency makes the organisations to satisfy their customers and remain strong in the business environment. At the same time, host country is benefited from this, as they do not want to spend huge sum of money in training staff and motivation staff. In short, they can cut the high level of labour cost. On the other hand, offshore outsourcing helps organizations to give more attention on their core process such as, merges acquisitions, sales, business expansions and quality of the products. When the firms are having enough resources and time, they can achieve their targets without putting much effort on it. Offshore outsourcing has become a necessity of the banking sector within Asia and Gulf region. Software outsourcing and call centres have become more popular during the last decade. Ever since the term offshore outsourcing has come into the topic, it shows the continuous growth in both value and volume. Call Centres and its effect to the host country Call centres are essential components of many large businesses. While some firms choose to create internal call centres, many now purchase call centre support services from other firms. In a typical outsourcing arrangement, a firm (the client) hires a call centre specialist (the vendor) to provide sufficient technology and staff to serve the clients customers. The client specifies the quality of service and the financial terms in a detailed contract, which may include queuing performance criteria (e.g. 80% of callers wait less than 20 sec.), customer satisfaction requirements(as measured by surveys or observed by monitoring calls), and financial rewards and penalties. Motivated by contracts used by one large vendor, then how the terms of real world call centre outsourcing contracts affect the capacity investment decisions of the vendor as well as the financial performance of the client, vendor, and the system as a whole. Global business environment is very competitive and volati le. Business organisations cannot be survived without reducing the cost of product or service. Because of that reason, it is natural that, most of the business organizations are tend to minimise the cost and do optimization of the resource allocations. World of business is consists of many large as well as medium and small scale of business firms. All the industries are looking forward to grow faster with the reduction of the cost. In order to done the quality work by the low cost of them are using off shore outsourcing centres. However, not only the costs but also there are many other factors, which have the influence of becoming this concept a more popular. The major reasons for the outsourcing of low cost locations can be explained as follows. The main reason is it reduces the production cost of goods and services. Second one is, it can be increase the capacity of the production, by putting the same effort because it can be high benefit within the own company. However, outsour cing can produce more products with lower cost. This means using same cost, we can produce more products. Third one is it is low risk and low investment for the launching of new product or developing existing product. The other reason is that, it helps to expand the business without encumber of high investment or less cost of capital. It can create the dominant in the market with competitive prices and regardless of the high price pressure and without gaining heavy losses. Off shore locations are the most common business process outsourcing (commonly known as BPO) practice in most business organizations situated in the developed countries like United States, European Economic Countries (EEC), Canada and Japan. Their call centres are located in most developing countries like Maxico, India, China and Thailand. According to one of the examples published in the industry magazine, an American business firms could be save up to ten percent by attending to the domestic US Spanish-spe aking market, it outsourcing its call centres to Latin American countries like Mexico instead of inside the United States. On the other hand, it could be save up to twenty percent to forty Percent if its situated in India, Philippines and South Africa. (Call Centre Magazine 2009 Sept). Because of this reason, most business organizations tend to locate their call centres in off shore countries. Average Annual Salaries of Call Centre Operator According to the data which have been gathered from the Gartner in the year 2007 (Gartner is one of the largest Information Technology research and analysis firms in the United States) most of the information technology related business organizations will either be investigating the possibility to outsourcing their part of business or have already outsourced some work overseas through call centres. It is nearly 60% of the whole information technology business in the United States alone. HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Corporation Limited) call centres get time difference advantage for their customers. HSBC is facilitated their banking service to all the customers in 24 hours in 365 days. Their calling centres situated in low cost locations like India, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Poland, Peru, Egypt and Mexico. HSBC can provide exceptional banking service all the time in all over the world. As an example in London customer wants to transfer money to another account or any banking ser vice at early morning five a clock it can operate from the call centre in Sri Lanka. The call automatically connects to the appropriate call centre and for doing customer request within short time. Using this kind of service business organizations can provide better customer service and customer satisfaction while spending less money and improving the image of the business. By providing the best service at all the time throughout the year more number of customers will attract towards the company and at the same time existing customers will not go for any alternatives as they are happy with the service they are getting. Most of the business organizations tend to formulate strategic outsourcing plans to assessing the relative and risks of making or buying, companies can leverage their skills and resources for increased profitability. By making strategic plans, organizations are willing to make use of their resources to have better rewards. According to the James Brian et. al The re are two main strategies of outsourcing approaches can be seen in the present business environment. When properly combined those, allow managers to leverage their companies skills and resources well beyond levels available with other strategies: Concentrate the firms own resources on a set of core competencies where it can achieve definable pre eminence and provide unique value for customers Strategically outsource other activities including many traditionally considered integral to any company for which the firm has neither a critical strategic need nor special capabilities. As an example, two different Australian and United States companies can be illustrated in this point of view: Nike, Inc. is the largest supplier of athletic shoes in the world and it outsourcers 100 percent of its shoe production and manufactures only key technical components of its Nike Air system. Athletic footwear is technology- and fashion-intensive, requiring high flexibility at both the pr oduction and marketing levels. Nike creates maximum value by concentrating on pre production (research and development) and post-production activities (marketing, distribution, and sales), linked together by perhaps the best marketing information system in the industry. Using a carefully developed, on-site expatriate program to coordinate its foreign-based suppliers, Nike even outsourced the advertising component of its marketing program to Wieden Kennedy, whose creative efforts drove Nike to the top of the product recognition scale. Nike grew at a compounded 2O percent growth rate and earned a 31 percent ROE for its shareholders through most of the past decade. Knowing it could not be the best at making chips, boxes, monitors, cables, keyboards, and the like for its explosively successful Apple II, Apple Computer outsourced 70 percent of its manufacturing costs and components. Instead of building internal bureaucracies where it had no unique skills, Apple outsourced critical it ems like design (to Frog design), printers (to Tokyo Electric) and even key elements of marketing (to Regis McKenna, which achieved a $100 million image for Apple when it had only a few employees and about $1 million to spend). Apple focused its internal resources on its own Apple DOS (Disk Operating System) and the supporting macro software to give Apple products their unique look and feel. Its open architecture policy stimulated independent developers to write the much-needed software that gave the Apple IIs customers uniquely high functionality. Apple thus avoided unnecessary investments, benefited from its vendors RD and technical expertise kept itself flexible to adopt new technologies as they became available, and leveraged its limited capital resources to a huge extent. Operating with an extremely flat organization, Apple enjoyed three times the capital turnover and the highest market value versus fixed investment ratio among major computer producers throughout the 1980s. The call centres are the foreign direct investment (FDI) of the host country. It is very interested study effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the empirical literature on host country. Multinationals are larger and strong financial and tactical organisations, which have the capable of conducting more research and development, use advanced technology, and maintain higher standard and the pay higher wages than the domestic country. When the call centres establish in the host country, automatically all these benefits transfer to them. For an instance, Vodaphone is one of the largest multinational mobile telecommunication companies. It is the second largest mobile company in the UK but their customer care call centres located in India and other developing countries. They had done off shore outsourcing with their customer care call centres. The host country India gets many benefits. As they can reduce the unemployment and increase, the Per capita income and Gross Domestic Produc t (GDP) and they can increase the aggregate productivity even without spending a single penny. These call centres buy equipment, and accessories from the domestic market. It indirectly increases the production of local companies. The host country employees receive advanced training and career development programme in international level. These are prominent advantages, which robotically gain from the mother company. Even though host country receives these benefits, sometime a risk of job loss in acquisitions of existing local call centres by new foreign company is there. Sometimes business activities of these call centres can be affect the performance of the domestic business organizations. After considering a result of a survey, GÃÆ'Â ¶rg and Greenaway (2004) concluded that, However, the direct effect which foreign entry has of bringing about a change in the composition of firms in the host country is less studied. As foreign firms tend to be larger and more productive than domes tic firms In the process of offshore outsourcing both business organizations obtain remarkable benefit which one organization achieve cheap labour cost, skilled labour and quality product than the produce in their own country. On the other hand, host country gain employment, foreign exchange and technology. Most of the multinational business organization establishes their call centres in offshore locations shows remarkable less absenteeism and employee turnover than in the own country. Because of these reason most of the multinational companies in the United Kingdom, United States and European countries, do not have to worry about retaining their employees by paying very high salaries, attractive incentives and lucrative benefit packages. And even if the salaries are higher than the standard rate of the local country it is much lower than the United kingdom, United States and European countries, because of this reason most of the larger organizations tend to outsourcing their ser vice to increase the profit margin through the downsizing the cost. On the other hand, it can obtained benefit of different languages speaking environment. As an example most telecommunication companies in the United Kingdom, call centres are placed in India. Their customers, who cannot speak English properly, can speak their own Indian language. This is beneficial for the both customer satisfaction and the business point of view. In other example according to the Dave article on The outsourcing Low cost line shows some project not receive, expected benefit from the project and it take more time and the cost than shown in original project report. Meanwhile the article of Grog Hogler and Aoife Hanley in economic and Social Review journal says that the remarkable increase of profit can be shown in production industry. However, some disadvantages and negative effects can also see in the business process outsourcing. Those are common in global business environment. As there can be some disadvantages many countries, make political agreement to prevent business organization and their customers. One of the main barriers in outsourcing in low cost locations is that, difficulty of time correction or spot correction. At the same time, delivery time and payments also can be a problem. In addition to that, if it is off shore outsourcing it can be undergoes to import tax and regulations, cultural difference and business ethics and at the same time, the time difference and the logistical complications should be expected. The second example is the telemarketing doing by using the call centres. Most of the multinational food and perfume companies are doing their promotions, marketing and selling by using call centres. Some of the companies have their own satellite to improve communication effectively, efficiently and cheaply between them and their customers. For an example super market, giant Wall Mart has their own satellite to operate better communication between t hem and their customers. This plays negative impact to the host country or domestic business firms, multinational business organisations can sell their product very low price while cannot compete the domestic firms. Because of these reason local business organizations cannot be survive and the local business may be suffer from the international call centres. Conclusion Production of goods and the hiring the service from the low cost locations has become an important source of investment and development in many emerging economies. At the same time, most of the multinational and medium scale companies have already paid their attention to use of their services from low cost off shore outsourcing. There is a sharp increscent in establishing offshore call centres throughout the world in last few years. Especially in developing countries like, India and Sri Lanka as they do have very cheap labour cost. (Not only the labour cost is low but also in these countries, they do have skilful, unemployed people those who are willing to work these kinds of call centres.)According to the Tomiura Eiichi, most of the companies are getting benefits from the lower cost and the exceptional product performance. However, according to Holger GÃÆ'Â ¶rg, all of the off shoring outsourcers activities not acquiesce the predictable results. Then the choice of where to lo cate offshore facilities is an important and complex one that has substantial implication for both the investing firm and the host country. The multinational companies select their host country using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). According to the research done by Amiti, Mary and Shang-Jin Wei, they found that India, China, Pakistan, Slovakia, Mexico, Ireland, Netherland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom are attractive locations for services outsourcing. These countries use their resources or input most efficiently in order to produce output that makes them attractive for service out sourcing. Most of these host counties have at least one core-efficiency for creating core competency among the key inputs of wages, education and infrastructure. Word count 2935

The Criminal Justice System Is Served For Two Main...

The criminal justice system involves agencies and processes which are established by the government to ensure that criminal activity is controlled and penalties are imposed on those who violate the set laws. In Australia, over the past two centuries the criminal justice system has served for two main purposes of instrumental and symbolic. (Adam Peter 2002). Instrumental, also known as utilitarian refers to the states responsibility to respond to criminal activity and to ensure security to the wider society by preventing criminal acts and reducing the amount of crime that occurs. However, symbolic is also known as utilitarian which relates to the responsibility the state has to ensure that the victims are compensated and redressed due to†¦show more content†¦The three approaches to innovative justice systems are restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence and indigenous justice. The three approaches share interest in the need for more effective forms of communication in r elating to and helping offenders put an end to their criminal activities and restore them to be able to fit into society. (Mark, Stephen Stanley 2005)The conventional justice system is another approach of dealing with crimes, such as sexual violence; conventional responses are focused on better ways to collect evidence and take legal act on cases, and to provide better services and supports for victims in the legal process. Furthermore, both conventional and innovation justice responses to sexual violence have been used to decrease the rate of sexual violence in Australia in different ways. The conventional criminal justice approach relates to the interest gathering information and improved ways to prosecute cases, and also to offer improved services and support for the victims in the legal process. Conventional responses may work with the criminal justice system or alongside of it, both ways attempting to improve the system. It priorities the victims and helps them cope better with the criminal justice system reasoning and functioning, in attempt to alter the criminal justice system in the direction performing more accountability and accommodation for all victims in the system. ¬Ã‚ ¬ (Marinella, Willem

Automotive Electronics free essay sample

Then, the paper identi? es the key networking technologies used for in-vehicle and inter-vehicle applications, comparing their properties and indicating future challenges in the area of wireless automotive communications, with a focus on realtime aspects. inter-vehicle communications are presented and compared, pointing out real-time related aspects, in Section 3. Finally, the paper is summarised in Section 4. 2 Telematics Automotive telematics enables the deployment of a number of new services and applications integrating wireless communication technology into a vehicle. As a result, the vehicle acquires new capabilities and offers more services to its users. Examples of telematics services and applications are: †¢ Navigation and traf? c information systems A vehicle equipped with a telematics unit can direct a driver to a desired location, while providing real-time traf? c information for a given route. †¢ Voice recognition and wireless Internet connection Drivers and their passengers can receive and send voiceactivated e-mails while on the road. †¢ Safety systems Collision avoidance systems, unsafe driving pro? ling, intelligent airbag deployment systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive Electronics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Communications between the vehicle and its surroundings, e. g. , other vehicles and roadside objects. Automatic airbag deployment noti? cation. Accident and roadside assistance. An example is given by the General Motors Advanced Automatic Crash Noti? cation (AACN) system available on many GM OnStar TM -equipped vehicles. †¢ Security systems Vehicle antitheft and stolen vehicle tracking services. Tracking and remote door unlocking is provided by OnStar TM -equipped vehicles. †¢ Diagnostics and maintenance services Remote diagnostics and/or maintenance systems, vehicle and driver monitoring. 1 Introduction Nowadays the two areas that are getting most attention in automotive communications are protocols and technologies supporting x-by-wire applications, e. g. , Flexray [3], and protocols and technologies for telematics and wireless applications. Automotive telematics refers to any kind of vehicle information or communication service that relies on a wireless communication link. There are several applications pushing for the adoption of wireless communications in automotive systems, both within the vehicle (in-vehicle communications) and between the vehicle and its surroundings (inter-vehicle communications). Looking at in-vehicle communications, more and more portable devices, e. g. , mobile phones, portable GSM devices and laptop computers could exploit the possibility of interconnection with the vehicle. Also, several new applications will exploit the possibility of inter-vehicle communications, e. g. , vehicle-to-vehicle [2] and vehicle-toroadside communications. This paper presents the most common wireless protocols used for in-vehicle and inter-vehicle communications in the automotive industry, and the ones that might be used in the near future. Originally devised for PAN deployment for low-cost, low-power, short-range wireless ad hoc interconnection, Bluetooth technology has fast become very appealing also for the automotive environment, as a potential automotive wireless networking technology. In response to interest by the automotive industry, in December 1999 the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) formed the Car Working Group. The Hands-Free pro? le was the ? rst of several application level speci? cations from the Car Working Group. Using the new Hands-Free pro? le, products that implement the Bluetooth speci? ation can facilitate automatic establishment of a connection between the car’s hands-free system (typically part of its audio system) and a mobile phone. Bluetooth wireless products incorporating these new enhancements enable a seamless, virtually automatic interface between the car and wireless products. Today, Bluetooth allows hands-free use of a mobile phone either through the car’s audio syst em or wireless headsets, resulting in better sound and control, and a safe solution to legislation banning mobile phone use while driving. The Bluetooth SIG, in November 2004, laid out a threeyear roadmap for future improvements to Bluetooth. Prioritised targets include Quality of Service (QoS), security, power consumption, multicast capabilities, privacy enhancements. Long-range performance improvements are expected to increase the range of very low power Bluetoothenabled sensors to approximately 100 meters. systems raised signi? cant interoperability problems which ZigBee technology solves, providing a standardized base set of solutions for sensor and control systems.